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The relationship between parliaments and citizens is one of the least studied subjects in legislative studies, yet this is a crucial dimension to understand parliaments and the role they play in our political systems. Furthermore, this relationship has gained considerable visibility over the last decade thanks in part to the development of new media, but also as a reaction to the trends of political apathy. In a context of increasing political disengagement, parliamentary discourse shifted attention from the traditionally predominant relationship with government to the relationship with citizens. Issues of legitimacy became more directly associated with the link between parliament and citizens, resulting in investment in new and more complex mechanisms for contact with citizens, even in the more centralised systems.This book looks at a wide range of case studies across Europe and beyond, assessing overall strategies in the move towards stronger engagement with citizens. It assesses the extent to which the shift in discourse has led to actual changes in parliamentary practice.This book was published as a special issue of the Journal of Legislative Studies.

Political sociology --- Political systems --- Government --- #SBIB:35H500 --- #SBIB:324H50 --- Bestuur en samenleving: algemene werken --- Politieke participatie en legitimiteit (referenda, directe democratie, publieke opinie...) --- France --- Allemagne --- Hongrie --- Italie --- Pays-Bas --- Portugal --- Royaume-Uni --- Bangladesh

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This guide stems from research conducted as part of the Managing Parliament’s Image project. The project encompassed in-depth interviews with sixty senior parliamentary officials across five parliaments (European Parliament, French Assemblée Nationale, Portuguese Assembleia da República, Scottish Parliament and UK House of Commons) complemented by contents analysis of these parliaments’ websites and social media presence. , The authors would like to express their gratitude to all participants in this project, for sharing their time, enthusiasm, dedication and expertise with us. This guide is intended to be used by parliaments for the purposes of building effective social media operations. In analysing social media operations, we identified a number of instances of best practice, and problems, that might come up as part of such an operation. This Guide is complemented by two other guides in the same series: Organising and Managing Parliamentary Websites and Using Parliamentary Websites as an Engagement Tool.

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This Guide stems from research conducted as part of the Managing Parliament’s Image project. The project encompassed indepth interviews with sixty senior parliamentary officials across five parliaments (European Parliament, French Assemblée Nationale, Portuguese Assembleia da República, Scottish Parliament and UK House of Commons) and contents analysis of these parliaments’ websites, complemented by data collected through an online survey of parliamentary libraries and communication services of parliaments across the world. The Guide also draws from a case study project with UK University students aiming to understand their perceptions and engagement with a parliamentary website (funded by the UK Higher Education Academy). The authors would like to express their gratitude to all participants in this project, for sharing their time, enthusiasm, dedication and expertise with us. This Guide is intended to be used by parliaments for the purposes of effectively engaging citizens through their websites. The Guide utilises material from our research, drawing in particular on a number of instances that we have identified as best practice. The examples quoted aim to provide for illustration of specific tools; they are often being used by more than one parliament. The Guide does not aim to make a survey of all of the tools currently being used; it simply lists key features of best practice of parliamentary websites’ engagement with the public. This Guide is complemented by two other guides in the same series: Organising and Managing Parliamentary Websites and How Parliaments Use Social Media.