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A large number of boreal lakes are ice-covered in winter. However, research and literature of these lakes concerns by far only the open water season. In particular, no textbook on physics of ice-covered lakes exists, and now it would be a proper time to prepare such. Winter limnology has become an increasing active field of research recently. A series of winter limnology symposia was started in 2008 in Finland with nearly 100 participants. The second symposium was held in Berlin in 2010 and the third one is coming in 2012 in Norway. Winter limnologists need strongly a textbook on lake ice physics since the ice acts as their boundary condition.

Earth Sciences. --- Earth System Sciences. --- Environmental Monitoring/Analysis. --- Ecosystems. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Geoecology/Natural Processes. --- Freshwater & Marine Ecology. --- Geography. --- Physical geography. --- Endangered ecosystems. --- Aquatic biology. --- Ecology. --- Géographie --- Géographie physique --- Ecosystèmes menacés --- Hydrobiologie --- Ecologie --- Ice breaking operations. --- Ice on rivers, lakes, etc. --- Water temperature. --- Geography --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Physical Geography --- Lakes --- Water temperature --- Environmental aspects. --- Canal aqueducts --- Reservoirs --- Rivers --- Stream temperature --- Surface water temperature --- Water --- Lochs --- Temperature --- Earth sciences. --- Geophysics. --- Aquatic ecology. --- Geoecology. --- Environmental geology. --- Bodies of water --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis. --- Threatened ecosystems --- Biotic communities --- Nature conservation --- Hydrobiology --- Water biology --- Aquatic sciences --- Biology --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Ecology --- Environmental monitoring. --- Aquatic ecology . --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Environmental quality --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Pollution --- Aquatic biology --- Geoecology --- Environmental protection --- Physical geology --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Earth sciences --- Physics --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Measurement --- Monitoring --- Biotic communities.

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This book updates the first edition for the status of knowledge in the physics of lake ice and the interactions between the ice cover and the liquid water underneath. Since the first edition was written in 2013, there has been a lot of progress in the field, in particular concerning environmental questions and the impact of climate change. Life conditions in ice-covered lakes and practical matters are now brought more into the picture so that the revision also properly serves as a handbook for applications. The author has worked widely with boreal lakes, polar lakes and Central Asian lakes that provides a wide geographical spectrum. Chapter 1 gives a brief overview and presents the research fields. The second chapter contains the classification of ice-covered lakes and observation techniques, especially remote sensing. In Chapter 3, the structure and properties of lake ice are presented including optics and geochemistry. Ice growth and melting are treated in Chapter 4, while the following chapter focuses on ice mechanics with applications to traffic on ice and ice loads. Chapter 6 goes into the exotic environment of pro-glacial lakes. Chapter 7 contains the stratification and circulation of the water body beneath lake ice, Chapter 8 presents the winter ecology of freezing lakes and discusses the lake ice interface toward the society, and Chapter 9 summarizes the climate change impact on lake ice seasons. The book ends into a brief closing chapter and list of references. Research problems for student learning are listed throughout the book. Annexes are included to provide numerical data of constants and standard formulae to help practical calculations and student tasks. Lake ice closely interacts with human living conditions, but people have learnt to live with that and to utilize the ice. In the present time this is true for on-ice traffic and recreation activities. Ice fishing has become a widely enjoyed hobby, and winter sports such as skiing, skating, and ice sailing are popular activities on frozen lakes. The lake ice response to eventual climate warming would appear as a shortening of the ice season due to the increasing air temperature and also as changing of the quality of the ice seasons via changes in ice thickness and structure. The book gives the whole story of lake ice into a single volume. The second, revised edition updates the content based on recent progress in winter limnology and ice physics research and applications. The author has contributed to lake ice research since the 1980s. In particular, his topics have been lake ice structure and thermodynamics, light transfer in ice and snow, ice mechanics in large lakes, and lake ice climatology. Mathematical modeling of ice growth, drift, and decay are covered in this research.

Physical geography. --- Environmental monitoring. --- Biotic communities. --- Geology. --- Environment. --- Freshwater ecology. --- Marine ecology. --- Earth System Sciences. --- Environmental Monitoring. --- Ecosystems. --- Environmental Sciences. --- Freshwater and Marine Ecology. --- Biological oceanography --- Marine ecosystems --- Ocean --- Aquatic ecology --- Fresh water --- Fresh-water ecology --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Ecology --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Environmental quality --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Pollution --- Geography --- Measurement --- Monitoring --- Ecology.

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Geophysics --- Hydrosphere --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Physical geography --- milieutechnologie --- fysische geografie --- geofysica --- oceanografie

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Sea ice drift --- Sea ice

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The Baltic Sea oceanographic research community is wide and the research history is over 100 years old. Nevertheless, there is still no single, coherent book on the physical oceanography of the Baltic Sea as a whole. There is a strong need for such a book, coming from working oceanographers as well as the university teaching programmes in advanced undergraduate to graduate levels. In the regional conference series in physical oceanography (Baltic Sea Science Conference, Baltic Sea Oceanographers' conference, Baltex-conferences) about 500 scientists take part regularly. Even more scientists work in the fields of marine biology, chemistry and the environment, and they need information on the physics of the Baltic Sea as well. There are nine countries bordering on the Baltic Sea and five more in the runoff area. The Baltic Sea as a source of fish, means of transportation and leisure activities is highly important to the regional society. In the runoff area there are a total of 85 million people. Research and protection strategies need to be developed, as the Baltic Sea is probably the most polluted sea in the world. Since the Baltic Sea has become an inner sea of the EU (apart from small shore parts of Russia in Petersburg and Kaliningrad), it is anticipated that the importance of the region will consequently rise. The book will arouse interest among students, scientists and decision makers involved with the Baltic problems. It will also give important background information for those working with biogeochemical processes in the Baltic Sea, because the physical forcing for those processes is of vital importance.

Geophysics --- Hydrosphere --- Geology. Earth sciences --- hydrologie --- geografie --- geofysica --- oceanografie --- Baltic Sea