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International finance --- International Monetary Fund --- FMI --- IMF --- Changement structurel --- Structural change --- 339.732 --- 341.125 IMF --- 339.72 --- Internationale banken. Wereldbank. Ontwikkelingsbank. Investeringsbank. Comecom, samenwerkingsbank. Europees monetair fonds. Europees ontwikkelingsfonds. Europese investeringsbank. Europese monetaire --- 339.732 Ida. Ibrd. Bird. Ifc. Imf. Speciale trekkingsrechten. Bank voor internationale betalingen. Internationaal monetair systeem --- 339.732 Internationale banken. Wereldbank. Ontwikkelingsbank. Investeringsbank. Comecom, samenwerkingsbank. Europees monetair fonds. Europees ontwikkelingsfonds. Europese investeringsbank. Europese monetaire --- Ida. Ibrd. Bird. Ifc. Imf. Speciale trekkingsrechten. Bank voor internationale betalingen. Internationaal monetair systeem --- IMF. --- Fonds monetaire international

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Pourquoi et comment le Fonds monétaire international a-t-il été créé ? Comment est-il organisé ? Quelles sont ses règles de fonctionnement ? D'où le FMI tire-t-il ses ressources financières ? À quelles conditions accorde-t-il ses crédits ? Quel bilan peut-on faire de ses interventions dans le tiers monde et dans les pays de l'Est ? Le FMI peut-il prévenir et guérir les crises financières ? Est-il responsable d'une montée des inégalités et de la pauvreté ?

Finance --- Business & Economics --- International Finance

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An unprecedented “boom and bust” investment cycle occurred in the high-tech industries at the turn of the century, in particular in the telecommunications sector. Regulatory reforms and technological innovation fuelled expectations of robust growth in traffic, revenue and earnings. Eventually, however, the volume of traffic expanded less than anticipated. Faced with severe financial difficulties, telecommunication firms sharply curtailed their investment and embarked on restructuring. The impact of such restructuring on the overall economy has been relatively small, but it has had severe upstream effects on equipment suppliers and technology firms. Confidence is now slowly returning to the sector thanks to the efforts of companies to strengthen their balance sheets and to renegotiate their debts. Although the necessary restructuring now underway in the industry is painful, governments and regulators should resist the temptation to provide relief to companies by easing competition ...

Economics

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The Polish tax system has commendable features, in particular a capacity to generate strong revenue on a continuous basis. But it also has a number of less desirable features, which could hamper growth in the future and come under increased criticism both domestically and internationally. The authorities have introduced in 2000 an ambitious tax reform package that addresses some of these weaknesses. The present working paper reviews the main features of the Polish tax system, the forces shaping tax policy, and the recently introduced reforms. It also suggests areas where further reform could be beneficial. One such reform relates to the personal income tax and to social security contributions, which are particularly high in Poland and lead, together with the rigid labour market, to a low employment rate and an oversized underground economy. Secondly, the paper argues that the various tax rates on capital incomes should be unified in order to reduce possible distortions in the ...

Economics --- Poland

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After nearly fifteen years of transition, the countries of Central Europe have entered the European Union on 1 May 2004. For the four countries that are members of the OECD (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovak Republic), accession follows multiyear efforts of economic stabilisation and structural transformation, which have brought them large benefits. Although convergence towards higher levels of income appears to be a distant prospect at current trend growth rates, this is not a predetermined outcome. The experience of prior entrants suggests that much leeway is available within the framework of the European Union to undertake pro-growth policies. The most promising prospect in this respect appears to reside with employment creation, which has been so far lacking and led to a rather imbalanced pattern of growth. Bringing down labour taxes, easing employment protection legislation and reducing out-of-work benefits would make important contributions in this respect. While ...

Economics