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Zonder onderwerpscode: wereldeconomie, ontwikkelingsproblematiek --- Emissions trading. --- Greenhouse gases --- Economic development --- Eco-development --- Ecodevelopment --- GHGs (Greenhouse gases) --- Heat-trapping gases --- Gases --- Air --- Emissions credit trading --- Emissions rights trading --- Marketable permits for carbon dioxide emissions --- Tradeable emission permits --- Trading emissions credits --- Environmental policy --- Carbon offsetting --- Carbon taxes --- Economic aspects. --- Environmental aspects. --- Pollution --- Emissions trading
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La croissance économique est-elle compatible avec la protection de l'environnement ? Quelles politiques énergétiques faut-il déployer ? Quelle forme peut prendre la sobriété énergétique ? À quoi ressemblerait une planification écologique ? Ces questions peuplent notre actualité mais elles sont loin d'être nouvelles. Le Centre international de recherche sur l'environnement et le développement (CIRED) s'efforce d'y répondre depuis la conférence mondiale sur l'environnement et le développement de Stockholm en 1972. À l'occasion de son cinquantième anniversaire, le CIRED republie des textes remarquables écrits entre 1972 et 1997, une période marquée par deux chocs pétroliers, le dialogue et les tensions Nord / Sud autour du développement durable, l'émergence des problèmes environnementaux mondiaux. Les chercheurs du CIRED imaginent les voies d'un écodéve-loppement, analysent les implications industrielles et sociales des choix énergétiques, proposent des moyens de combattre le changement clima-tique. Ces pistes peuvent encore utilement alimenter le débat public contemporain. Les vingt-deux contributions rassemblées dans cet ouvrage offrent un tour d'horizon des enjeux, pratiques comme théoriques, de l'articulation de l'environnement et du développement. Elles posent les bases d'une socio-économie de l'environnement et de ce que serait un développement écologique. Quiconque s'intéresse aux relations société-environnement trouvera dans ce recueil les clefs pour en saisir la complexité.
Énergie --- Ressources énergétiques --- Changements climatiques --- Environnement --- Développement --- Aspect environnemental. --- Protection --- Politique énergétique
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Although climate policies have been so far mostly focused on mitigation, adaptation to climate change is a growing concern in developed and developing countries. This paper discusses how adaptation fits into the global climate strategy, at the global and national levels. To do so, a partial equilibrium optimization model of climate policies-which includes mitigation, proactive adaptation (ex ante), and reactive adaptation (ex post)-is solved without and with uncertainty. Mitigation, proactive adaptation, and reactive adaptation are found to be generally jointly determined. Uncertainty on the location of damages reduces the benefits of "targeted" proactive adaptation with regard to mitigation and reactive adaptation. However, no single country controls global mitigation policies, and budget constraints might make it difficult for developing countries to finance reactive adaptation, especially if climate shocks affect the fiscal base. Rainy-day funds are identified as a supplemental instrument that can alleviate future budget constraints while avoiding the risk of misallocating resources when the location of damages is uncertain.
Agriculture --- Budget constraints --- Damages --- Debt Markets --- Development policies --- Development strategies --- Development strategy --- Disability --- Economic Theory and Research --- Education --- Educational Sciences --- Equilibrium --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- GDP --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Natural resources --- Optimization --- Social Development --- Social Inclusion and Institutions --- Social Protections and Labor
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This paper reviews the empirical and theoretical literature on economic growth to examine how the four components of the climate change bill, namely mitigation, proactive (ex ante) adaptation, reactive (ex post) adaptation, and ultimate damages of climate change affect growth, especially in developing countries. The authors consider successively the Cass-Koopmans growth model and three major strands of the subsequent literature on growth: with multiple sectors, with rigidities, and with increasing returns. The paper finds that although the growth literature rarely addresses climate change per se, some issues discussed in the growth literature are directly relevant for climate change analysis. Notably, destruction of production factors, or decrease in factor productivity may strongly affect long-run equilibrium growth even in one-sector neoclassical growth models; climatic shocks have had large impacts on growth in developing countries because of rigidities; and the introducing increasing returns has a major impact on growth dynamics, in particular through induced technical change, poverty traps, or lock-ins. Among the most important gaps identified in the literature are lack of understanding of the channels by which shocks affect economic growth, lack of understanding of lock-ins, heavy reliance of numerical models assessing climate policies on neoclassical-type growth frameworks, and frequent use of an inappropriate "without climate change" counterfactual.
Climate Change --- Economic development --- Economic Growth --- Economic Theory and Research --- Economics --- Emissions --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Equilibrium --- Forestry --- Greenhouse gases --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Reduction --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Resource allocation --- Returns to scale
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Mitigation investments in long-lived capital stock (LLKS) differ from other types of mitigation investments in that, once established, LLKS can lock-in a stream of emissions for extended periods of time. Moreover, historical examples from industrial countries suggest that investments in LLKS projects or networks tend to be lumpy, and tend to generate significant indirect and induced emissions besides direct emissions. Looking forward, urbanization and rapid economic growth suggest that similar decisions about LLKS are being or will soon be made in many developing countries. In their current form, carbon markets do not provide correct incentives for mitigation investments in LLKS because the constraint on carbon extends only to 2012, and does not extend to many developing countries. Targeted mitigation programs in regions and sectors in which LLKS is being built at rapid rate are thus necessary to avoid getting locked into highly carbon-intensive LLKS. Even if the carbon markets were extended (geographically, sectorally, and over time), public intervention would still be required, for three main reasons. First, to ensure that indirect and induced emissions associated with LLKS are taken into account in investor's financial cost-benefit analysis. Second, to facilitate project or network financing to bridge the gap between carbon revenues that accrue over time as the project/network unfolds and the capital needed upfront to finance lumpy investments. Third, to internalize other non-carbon externalities (e.g., local pollution) and/or to lift barriers (e.g., lack of capacity to handle new technologies) that penalize the low-carbon alternatives relative to the high-carbon ones.
Bridge --- Carbon dioxide --- Cars --- Climate change --- Cost-benefit analysis --- Emission --- Emissions --- Emissions targets --- Energy --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Externalities --- Greenhouse gases --- Land use --- Low carbon technologies --- Methane --- Nitrous oxide --- Pollution --- Price incentives --- Rail --- Rail networks --- Road --- Transport --- Transport Economics, Policy and Planning --- Transportation
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