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Shortly after the Augsburg peace settlement of 1555, from 1563 to 1576, the Holy Roman Empire was threatened by the rivalry between Denmark and Sweden. This book examines the empire's reaction to a foreign crisis, the Seven Years' War of the North, and the connections between foreign policy and internal imperial politics. As this study will show, and contrary to most assumptions, the empire, through its confederal structure, was able to provide effective means for defending the domestic order against external dangers. Further, the empire could conduct a common foreign policy to protect common interests. This study highlights the empire's internal organization and politics by introducing two new concepts: initiative and consensus. Initiative was possible on the basis of consensus, but as this study reveals, there were two specific limits on building consensus. First, the empire's polities could only support a common approach if they had common aims. Second, a united approach to an outside crisis had to foster the preservation of internal stability. Motivated by German commerce in the Baltic, the empire was persistent in trying to achieve peace in that region. The empire was not alone in its interest in the Scandinavian conflict, which threatened no less than the economic well-being of western Europe.
Diplomatic relations --- Noordse oorlogen --- Northern Seven Years' War, 1563-1570
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Jason Lavery examines the Reformation in the Diocese of Turku during the reign of King Gustav Vasa (r. 1523-1560). This diocese, covering a territory better known then and now as Finland, encompassed the Swedish kingdom east of the Gulf of Bothnia.The Reformation in Finland was driven by King Gustav Vasa’s state-building program, sometimes referred to as “royal reform” in respect to the church, as well as the spread of Lutheran theology and practice. Both royal and Lutheran reform were mutually reinforcing and dependent upon one another.
Reformation --- Gustav --- Catholic Church. --- Svenska kyrkan --- History. --- History --- Finland --- Sweden --- Church history --- History of Scandinavia and Iceland --- anno 1500-1599 --- Turku --- Protestant Reformation --- Counter-Reformation --- Protestantism --- Ericson, Gustavus, --- Eriksson, Gustav, --- Eryksson, Gustaw, --- Gustaf --- Gustaf Vasa, --- Gustav Vaza, --- Gustavus Ericson, --- Gustavus Vasa, --- Kustaa Vaasa, --- Vasa, Gustavus, --- Church of Sweden --- Sweden. --- Catholic Church --- Suomen evankelis-luterilainen kirkko --- Porvoo Communion --- Åbo (Finland : Diocese : Catholic Church) --- Fen-lan --- Fen-lan kung ho kuo --- Finlande --- Finlândia --- Finlandii︠a︡ --- Finli︠a︡ndii︠a︡ --- Finnland --- Finnlando --- Finrando --- Republic of Finland --- Republiken Finland --- Souomi --- Suomen tasavalta --- Suomi --- פינלנד --- フィンランド --- Finland (Grand duchy) --- Finland (Grand Duchy) --- Gustav - I Vasa, - King of Sweden, - 1496-1560.
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