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The implementation of effective Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes in countries emerging from violent conflict are essential for building and maintaining peace and security. In many instances the disarmament and demobilisation of former combatants was achieved, but reintegration remained a challenge, due to the long-term focus and the substantial resources that are required for such a process to be successful. Reintegration processes are, nonetheless, often implemented in fragile environments, that include fragmented economies, in which most income generating activities are informal or unreported. Such economies are often characterised by unregulated, illicit activities, in which official governance is weak. This report is comprised of three parts. Part one includes a review of the literature on the reintegration of former combatants and the informal economy in Africa; a synopsis of post-conflict economies; and an outline of the analytical framework. Part two presents the findings of the case study research, focusing on the economies and DDR processes in each of the three countries, as well as assessing the reintegration process in relation to the informal economy. The third component of the report provides a comparative analysis of, and conclusions from, the research findings.

Agriculture --- Cash Crops --- Civil War --- Commercial Banks --- Conflict --- Conflict and Development --- Conflict Resolution --- Consumers --- Debt --- Developed Countries --- Developing Countries --- Economic Development --- Economic Opportunities --- Employment Opportunities --- Food Security --- Gdp --- Gross Domestic Product --- Gross National Income --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- International Cooperation --- International Organization For Migration --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Land Tenure --- Life Expectancy --- Living Standards --- Maternal Mortality --- Meat --- Mortality --- Natural Resources --- Per Capita Income --- Population Growth --- Population Policies --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Property Rights --- Rehabilitation --- Respect --- Rule of Law --- Secondary Education --- Social Development --- Social Protections and Labor --- Statistical analysis --- Technical Assistance --- Tolerance --- Trade Barriers --- Transaction Costs --- Unemployment --- Universities --- Urban Areas --- Violence

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The eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is poised on the edge of a machete blade. Despite the achievement of considerable peace-building successes throughout much of this central African state in recent years, the current activities of armed groups and the Congolese armed forces in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, have the potential to further destabilize the eastern provinces, and possibly even neighboring countries. Former combatants are prominent in the security and stability equation in the eastern DRC. The reason is that if this section of society has not been effectively disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated into civilian life, then they have the potential to return to arms. In this region, over 100,000 ex-combatants have been demobilized over the past decade in successive waves of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) interventions. Assessments and speculation about the reintegration of ex-combatants in North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri have suggested that these individuals have become marginalized, and their reintegration into civilian society is precarious, thus making them vulnerable to further recruitment by armed groups. Some reports have even suggested that numerous former fighters have remilitarized in the mining areas in order to access mineral wealth. Consequently, research on the socio-economic reintegration of ex-combatants in the eastern DRC was undertaken by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), and funded by the Transitional Demobilization and Reintegration Program (TDRP) of the World Bank. North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri were the three geographical areas of focus, given the volatility and potential pivotal role of these areas in promoting and consolidating peace in the eastern DRC. The specific objectives of the research were to: 1) assess the processes of the socio-economic reintegration of former combatants into civilian life; 2) analyze the causes and dynamics of the current security situation (or lack thereof) in the three areas, and the implications for current and future DDR processes; and 3) evaluate the extent to which demobilized former combatants have been re-recruited into armed groups, including motivating and resilience factors. The research took place between February and September 2011, with the findings and analysis being presented in this report.

Alliances --- Armed Forces --- Child Soldiers --- Children and Youth --- Conflict --- Conflict and Development --- Crime --- Drugs --- Elections --- Genocide --- Gross Domestic Product --- Human Rights --- Meat --- Military Reform --- Natural Resources --- Piracy --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Refugees --- Remittances --- Resettlement --- Respect --- Roads --- Social Development --- Transport --- Urban Areas --- Vehicles --- Violence

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The authors present critical perspectives on the evolving norms of international humanitarian law and how humanitarian actors can persuade—or compel—belligerents to respect those norms.

POLITICAL SCIENCE / Genocide & War Crimes.