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Poor students experienced a kind of upward mobility that was not uncommon in old-regime Europe. They were also objects of controversy. and as such they reveal the many dimensions of the issue of opening careers to talent. At stake were socially and politically sensitive questions about the relative importance of nature and nurture, of natural talent and 'birth', in realizing human potential; about the proper reconciliation of collective imperatives and individual freedom, of hierarchical stability and progress; about how national systems of education should be structured; about the kind and degree of upward mobility the society and the culture needed and could tolerate. This 1988 book shows how a cluster of familiar eighteenth-century ideas about grace, talent, and merit shaped a formative social experience for men whose importance is still celebrated today, as well as for members of the educated elite who were and have remained obscure.

Church and education --- -Educational sociology --- -Occupational mobility --- -Professions --- -Social mobility --- -Mobility, Social --- Sociology --- Career patterns --- Careers --- Jobs --- Professional services --- Occupations --- Interprofessional relations --- Vocational guidance --- Job mobility --- Mobility, Occupational --- Social mobility --- Education and sociology --- Social problems in education --- Society and education --- Sociology, Educational --- Education --- Education and church --- History --- -History --- -Aims and objectives --- Educational sociology --- Occupational mobility --- Professions --- -Church and education --- Mobility, Social --- Aims and objectives --- Arts and Humanities

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Over the last three decades Anthony La Vopa has extended his reach as an Enlightenment historian from Germany to England, Scotland, and France. Enlightenment Past and Present: Essays in a Social History of Ideas provides insights into all four contexts, with a view to understanding the Enlightenment's contours in spaces that were distinct but nonetheless shared in a European-wide engagement with a cluster of political, social, and cultural issues. The volume explores a wide variety of themes in the formation of modernity, including the construction of a public, the emergence of modern feminism, the problematic legitimacy of sexuality andmarriage, the ideal and practice of friendship, patron-client relations, the conversational sociability of politeness, and the evolution of the essay as a genre. La Vopa aims to demonstrate in practice the new interest in restoring the social to intellectual history without falling back into reductionism. He throws a spotlight on a number of key texts in eighteenth-century philosophy. In several essays, La Vopa employs the resources of meaning in rhetorical cultures with thick social contexts to present Enlightenment texts not simply as print records, but as rhetorical performances with specific audiences. He also often intertwines contexts by focusing on biographical experience, using 'private' life traces such as diaries and other forms of correspondence, to enhance our understanding of published discourse. While drawing on the history of philosophy, the volume takes a decidedly more historical path through the canon. It includes essay reviews which take stock of developments in Enlightenment studies via critical appraisals of major recent contributions to the field.

Enlightenment. --- Enlightenment --- Philosophy, Modern --- Eighteenth century. --- Enlightenment. --- Philosophy. --- biography --- Enlightenment --- the public --- gender --- French history --- private correspondence --- German history --- diaries --- social perspectives --- eighteenth-century philosophy --- intellectual history --- Social aspects. --- 1700-1799 --- biography --- Enlightenment --- the public --- gender --- French history --- private correspondence --- German history --- diaries --- social perspectives --- eighteenth-century philosophy --- intellectual history

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Biography --- History as a science