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This book shows that the languages and dialects of Europe are becoming increasingly alike and furthermore that this unifying process goes back to Roman times, is accelerating, and affects every European language including those of different families such as Basque and Finnish. The unifying process involves every grammatical aspect of the languages and operates through changes so minute that native speakers fail to notice them. The authors reveal when, how, and why common grammatical structures have evolved and continue to evolve in processes of change that will transform the linguistic landsca

Historical linguistics --- Dialectology --- Europe --- Areal linguistics. --- Linguistic change. --- Typology (Linguistics). --- Languages. --- 800 <09> --- Taalwetenschap. Taalkunde. Linguistiek--Geschiedenis van ... --- Typology (Linguistics) --- Europa --- Taaltypologie --- Taalverandering --- Vergelijkende en algemene grammatica --- talen --- 800 <09> Taalwetenschap. Taalkunde. Linguistiek--Geschiedenis van ... --- Taaltypologie. --- Taalverandering. --- Vergelijkende en algemene grammatica. --- talen. --- Areal linguistics --- Linguistic change --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Language and languages --- Linguistic typology --- Linguistics --- Linguistic universals --- Change, Linguistic --- Language change --- Area linguistics --- Geolinguistics --- Taalwetenschap. Taalkunde. Linguistiek--Geschiedenis van .. --- Typology --- Classification --- Taalwetenschap. Taalkunde. Linguistiek--Geschiedenis van . --- Taalwetenschap. Taalkunde. Linguistiek--Geschiedenis van

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While the comparative method is concerned with regularities in phonological change, grammaticalization theory deals with regularities of grammatical change. In an A-Z format, this 2002 book summarizes the most salient generalizations that have been made on the unidirectional change of grammatical forms and constructions. The product of ten years of research, World Lexicon of Grammaticalization provides the reader with the tools to show how different grammatical meanings can be related to one another in a principled way, how to deal with issues such as polysemy and heterosemy, or why certain linguistic forms have simultaneous lexical and grammatical functions. It covers several hundred grammaticalization processes, in each case offering definitions of lexical concepts, suitable examples from a variety of languages, and references to the relevant research literature. Indices organized by source and target concepts allow for flexible use, and the findings delineated in the book are relevant to students of language across theoretical boundaries.

Grammar, Comparative and general --- Grammatica en taalverandering --- Grammatica. --- Grammaticalisatie. --- Vergelijkende en algemene grammatica --- Grammaticalization --- woordenboeken. --- English language --- Grammar --- 800 <03> --- 801.56 --- 801.56 Syntaxis. Semantiek --- Syntaxis. Semantiek --- 800 <03> Taalwetenschap. Taalkunde. Linguistiek--Naslagwerken. Referentiewerken --- Taalwetenschap. Taalkunde. Linguistiek--Naslagwerken. Referentiewerken --- Comparative grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Language and languages --- Philosophical grammar --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Grammar, Comparative --- Arts and Humanities --- Language & Linguistics --- GRAMMAR, COMPARATIVE AND GENERAL --- LEXICOLOGY --- GRAMMATICALIZATION

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Discourse markers constitute an important part of linguistic communication, and research on this phenomenon has been a thriving field of study over the past three decades. However, a problem that has plagued this research is that these markers exhibit a number of structural characteristics that are hard to interpret based on existing methodologies, such as grammaticalization. This study argues that it is possible to explain such characteristics in a meaningful way. It presents a cross-linguistic survey of the development of discourse markers, their important role in communication, and their relation to the wider context of sociocultural behaviour, with the goal of explaining their similarities and differences across a typologically wide range of languages. By giving a clear definition of discourse markers, it aims to provide a guide for future research, making it essential reading for students and researchers in linguistics, and anyone interested in exploring this fascinating linguistic phenomenon.

Discourse markers. --- LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / Semantics. --- Discourse markers

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Extensively revised and updated, this second edition provides, in an A-Z format, an analysis of the most important generalizations that have been made on the unidirectional change of grammatical forms and constructions. Based on the analysis of more than 1,000 languages, it reconstructs over 500 processes of grammatical change in the languages of the world, including East Asian languages such as Chinese, Korean and Japanese. Readers are provided with the tools to discover how lexical and grammatical meanings can be related to one another in a principled way, how such issues as polysemy, heterosemy, and transcategoriality are dealt with, and why certain linguistic forms have simultaneous lexical and grammatical functions. Definitions of lexical concepts are provided with examples from a broad variety of languages, and references to key relevant research literature. Linguists and other scholars will gain a better understanding of languages on a worldwide scale.

Grammar --- English language --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Grammaticalization --- Comparative grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Language and languages --- Philosophical grammar --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Grammar, Comparative