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Benefit-cost analyses of health regulations traditionally evaluate their economic efficiency--ignoring equity. To help address the importance of equity, we develop a survey to elicit respondents' preferences towards equality in health risks stemming from environmental causes. Survey responses are used to parameterize an Atkinson index over environmental health risks. We compare these results to similar questions in the income context and find that respondents are significantly more averse to inequality in health risks than in income. The mean respondent is willing to accept a 22% increase in average health risk if risks are equally distributed in the population, but willing to accept a decrease of only 5% in average income if incomes are equally distributed in the population. We find that 30% of respondents answer health risk questions lexicographically--always preferring an equal distribution of risks to an unequal distribution, even if the latter makes everyone better off.

Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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Infectious diseases. Communicable diseases --- Jakarta

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Administrative agencies --- Administrative procedure --- Public administration --- Water --- Management --- Decision making --- Economic aspects --- Pollution --- Law and legislation --- United States. --- Decision making.

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This paper provides an exhaustive review of critical issues in the design of climate mitigation policy by pulling together key findings and controversies from diverse literatures on mitigation costs, damage valuation, policy instrument choice, technological innovation, and international climate policy. We begin with the broadest issue of how high assessments suggest the near and medium term price on greenhouse gases would need to be, both under cost-effective stabilization of global climate and under net benefit maximization or Pigouvian emissions pricing. The remainder of the paper focuses on the appropriate scope of regulation, issues in policy instrument choice, complementary technology policy, and international policy architectures.

Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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The Amazon rainforest, the world's largest tropical rainforest and an important constituent of the global biosphere, continues degrading by rapid deforestation, which is expected to continue despite policies to prevent it. Current international funding to protect the Amazon rainforest focuses on benefits from reduced carbon emissions. This paper examines an additional rationale for Amazon protection: the valuation of its biodiversity and forests as natural heritage to the international community. To measure the economic value of this benefit, the paper examines U.S. and Canadian households' willingness to pay to help finance Amazon rainforest protection. The analysis finds that mean willingness to pay to avoid forest losses projected to occur by 2050 despite current protective policies is USD 92 per household per year. Aggregating across all households and considering the area protected, the analysis finds that preserving the Amazon rainforest is worth USD 3,168 per hectare (95-percent confidence interval USD 1,580-USD 4,756), on average, to households in the United States and Canada. Considering households in other developed countries would generate yet larger estimates of aggregate value, likely comparable to the carbon benefits from rainforest protection. The results reveal high values of the Amazon rainforest to people geographically distanced from it, lending support to international efforts to reduce deforestation in the Amazon.

Amazon --- Biodiversity --- Ecosystem Services --- Environment --- Environmental Disasters and Degradation --- Forestry --- Global Environment Facility --- Rainforest --- Rural Development --- Transport --- Valuation