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Political parties regularly change and adapt in response to ever-changing circumstances. Until now these changes have frequently prompted both scholars and the media to suggest a whole new type of political party, and over time the number of models and types has proliferated to the point of confusion, contradiction, and a loss of explanatory power. In this sophisticated yet accessible study, André Krouwel rejects this mélange of models as inadequate. He utilizes a wide range of data sources to analyze the ideological, organizational, and electoral change undergone by more than one hundred European parties in fifteen different countries, from Scandinavia to the Iberian Peninsula, between 1945 and 2010. The result is one of the most comprehensive empirically grounded studies to date of the genesis, development, and transformation of political parties in advanced democratic states.

Political party organization --- Political parties --- Party organization, Political --- Organization

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"This edited volume investigates for the first time the impact of conspiracy theories upon the understanding of Europe as a geo-political entity as well as an imagined political and cultural space. Focusing on recent developments, the individual chapters explore a range of conspiratorial positions related to Europe. In the current climate of fear and threat, new and old imaginaries of conspiracy such as Islamophobia and anti-Semitism have been mobilised. A dystopian or even apocalyptic image of Europe in terminal decline is evoked in Eastern European and particularly by Russian pro-Kremlin media, while the EU emerges as a screen upon which several narratives of conspiracy are projected trans-nationally, ranging from the Greek debt crisis to migration, Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic. The methodological perspectives applied in this volume range from qualitative discourse and media analysis to quantitative social-psychological approaches, and there are a number of national and transnational case studies. This book will be of great interest to students and researchers of extremism, conspiracy theories, and European politics"--

conspiracy theories --- psychology --- conspiracy theory --- conspiracism --- conspiracy belief --- conspiracy thinking --- conspiracies --- corona --- coronavirus --- Covid-19 --- pandemic --- coronavirus conspiracy theories --- disinformation --- Social media and society --- Culture conflict --- Conflict of cultures --- Culture wars --- Cultural conflict --- Society and social media --- Social conflict --- political crimes and offenses --- Europe --- Euroscepticism --- Eurabia Conspiracy Theory --- islamization --- Germany --- reichsbürger --- sovereign citizen movement --- Sovereign Citizens --- islamophobia --- Fourth Reich --- populism --- immigration --- immigrants --- Brexit --- antisemitism --- George Soros --- Eurovilification --- Eurofundamentalism --- Brussels conspiracy --- Belgium --- Russia --- European Union (EU) --- Conspiracies --- Islamophobia --- Antisemitism

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