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In The Birth of Indology as an Islamic Science Mario Kozah closely examines the pioneering contribution by Bīrūnī (d. circa 1048) to the study of comparative religion in his major work on India. Kozah concludes that a process of Islamisation is employed through a meticulous systematization of Hindu beliefs into one “Indian religion”, preceding by almost a millennium the earliest definitions of Hinduism by nineteenth-century European Orientalists. This formulation of Hinduism draws on Bīrūnī’s interpretation of Yoga psychology articulated in the Kitāb Bātanjal , his Arabic translation of the Yoga-Sūtra of Patañjali. Bīrūnī’s Islamic reading of Hinduism relies on certain common denominators that he identifies as being of fundamental importance. In the case of Hinduism he identifies metempsychosis as its unifying banner.

Yoga --- Indian philosophy. --- Philosophie indienne d'Amérique --- History --- Histoire --- Patañjali. --- Biruni, Muhammad ibn Ahmad, --- India --- Inde --- Civilization --- Study and teaching --- Civilisation --- Etude et enseignement --- Philosophie indienne d'Amérique --- Patañjali. --- Bīrūnī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, --- Study and teaching. --- Indians --- Philosophy, Indian --- Philosophy --- Yoga exercises --- Exercise --- Philosophy, Indic --- History. --- Hinduism --- Patañjalī. --- بيروني، محمد بن احمد. --- Bharat --- Bhārata --- Government of India --- Ḣindiston Respublikasi --- Indië --- Indien --- Indii︠a︡ --- Indland --- Indo --- Republic of India --- Sāthāranarat ʻIndīa --- Yin-tu --- インド --- هند --- Индия --- Philosophy, Indic. --- Indic philosophy --- Philosophy, East Indian --- Hindu philosophy

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This anthology includes the writings of a number of Syriac monastic and ascetical writers from the seventh century who were born and educated in Beth Qatraye (Syriac for Qatar or Region of the Qataris). Isaac of Qatar widely known as Isaac of Nineveh, for example, is considered to be the most influential of all Syriac monastic writers and continues to exert a strong influence in monastic circles today. Many of the others like Dadisho of Qatar, Abraham bar Lipah of Qatar, and Ahob of Qatar were important Syriac writers on spirituality and commentators or exegetes within the Church of the East tradition. These writers, who all originated from the Qatar region and were educated there, reveal the presence of an important school of education that rivaled in its sophistication the other more well-known schools such as the School of Nisibis or the School of Edessa. The Syriac writers of Qatar themselves produced some of the best and most sophisticated writing to be found in all Syriac literature of the seventh century. This anthology presents a selection of these writings for the first time in English translation with accompanying Syriac and Garshuni editions.

Christian literature, Syriac --- Christian literature, Syriac. --- Qatar. --- Syriac literature --- Christian literature, Early --- Littérature syriaque --- Littérature chrétienne syriaque --- Littérature chrétienne primitive --- History and criticism --- Histoire et critique --- Littérature syriaque --- Littérature chrétienne syriaque --- Littérature chrétienne primitive --- Christian literature, Syriac - Qatar