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The systematic description of the knowledge accumulated on the physical oceanography, marine chemistry and pollution, and marine biology of the Caspian Sea forms the basics of this book. It presents the principal characteristic features of the environmental conditions of the sea and their changes in the second half of the 20th century. At present, the principal problems of the Caspian Sea are related to the interannual sea level changes and their forecast and to the estimation of the intensity of the chemical pollution of the sea and its impact upon the biota. Special attention is paid to socio-economic, legal, and political issues in the Caspian Sea region. This publication is based on numerous observational data collected by the authors of the chapters during sea expeditions, on the archive data of several Russian oceanographic institutions, as well as on the broad scientific literature mainly published in Russian editions. This book is addressed to the specialists concerned in research in various fields of physical oceanography, marine chemistry, pollution studies, and biology; solving a wide scope of problems from the regional climate to the mesoscale processes; and using a variety of methods from remote sensing of the seas to numerical and laboratory modeling.

Earth sciences. --- Water quality. --- Water pollution. --- Hydrogeology. --- Oceanography. --- Ecotoxicology. --- Waste management. --- Earth Sciences. --- Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution. --- Water Quality/Water Pollution. --- Waste Management/Waste Technology. --- Environmental pollution. --- Waste disposal. --- Environmental toxicology. --- Hydraulic engineering. --- Oceanography, Physical --- Oceanology --- Physical oceanography --- Thalassography --- Earth sciences --- Marine sciences --- Ocean --- Engineering, Hydraulic --- Engineering --- Fluid mechanics --- Hydraulics --- Shore protection --- Ecotoxicology --- Pollutants --- Pollution --- Environmental health --- Toxicology --- Chemical pollution --- Chemicals --- Contamination of environment --- Environmental pollution --- Contamination (Technology) --- Asbestos abatement --- Bioremediation --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental quality --- Factory and trade waste --- Hazardous waste site remediation --- Hazardous wastes --- In situ remediation --- Lead abatement --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Environmental aspects --- Geohydrology --- Geology --- Hydrology --- Groundwater --- Freshwater --- Freshwater quality --- Marine water quality --- Quality of water --- Seawater --- Seawater quality --- Water --- Aquatic pollution --- Fresh water --- Fresh water pollution --- Freshwater pollution --- Inland water pollution --- Lake pollution --- Lakes --- Reservoirs --- River pollution --- Rivers --- Stream pollution --- Water contamination --- Water pollutants --- Water pollution --- Waste disposal in rivers, lakes, etc. --- Quality --- Composition --- Pollution.

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Nature protection --- Statistical physics --- General ecology and biosociology --- Toxicology --- Air pollution. Air purification --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Engineering sciences. Technology --- statistische kwaliteitscontrole --- ecotoxicologie --- industriële statistieken --- farmacologie --- toxicologie --- luchtverontreiniging --- milieutechnologie

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Environmental Chemistry is a relatively young science. Interest in this subject, however, is growing very rapidly and, although no agreement has been reached as yet about the exact content and limits of this interdisciplinary discipline, there appears to be increasing interest in seeing environmental topics which are based on chemistry embodied in this subject. One of the ?rst objectives of Environmental Chemistry must be the study of the environment and of natural chemical processes which occur in the environment. A major purpose of this series on Environmental Chemistry, therefore, is to present a reasonably uniform view of various aspects of the chemistry of the environment and chemical reactions occurring in the environment. The industrial activities of man have given a new dimension to Envir- mental Chemistry. We have now synthesized and described over ?ve million chemical compounds and chemical industry produces about hundred and ?fty million tons of synthetic chemicals annually. We ship billions of tons of oil per year and through mining operations and other geophysical modi?cations, large quantities of inorganic and organic materials are released from their natural deposits. Cities and metropolitan areas of up to 15 million inhabitants produce large quantities of waste in relatively small and con?ned areas. Much of the chemical products and waste products of modern society are released into the environment either during production, storage, transport, use or ultimate disposal. These released materials participate in natural cycles and reactions and frequently lead to interference and disturbance of natural systems.

Nature protection --- Statistical physics --- General ecology and biosociology --- Toxicology --- Air pollution. Air purification --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Engineering sciences. Technology --- statistische kwaliteitscontrole --- ecotoxicologie --- industriële statistieken --- farmacologie --- toxicologie --- luchtverontreiniging --- milieutechnologie

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Hydrosphere --- Geology. Earth sciences --- Water supply. Water treatment. Water pollution --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- hydrologie --- waterverontreiniging --- milieuzorg --- milieubeheer --- afval --- oceanografie --- milieuanalyse

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This publication is devoted to the natural feature – the Black Sea and its littoral states. At the same time the Azov Sea is also considered here. This region is the focus of many geopolitical, economic, social and environmental issues that involve not only the countries coming out to the Black and Azov Seas, but other world countries, too. This publication contains over 1500 articles and terms providing descriptions of geographical and oceanographic features, cities, ports, transport routes, marine biological resources, international treaties, national and international programs, research institutions, historical and archaeological monuments, activities of prominent scientists, researchers, travelers, military commanders, etc. who had relation to the Black Sea. It includes a multi-century chronology of the events that became the outstanding milestones in the history of development of the Black Sea – Azov Sea region. .

Geography. --- Physical Geography. --- Historical Geology. --- Economic Geography. --- Ecology. --- Geoecology/Natural Processes. --- Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning. --- Geology. --- Regional planning. --- Physical geography. --- Géographie --- Géologie --- Aménagement du territoire --- Géographie physique --- Ecologie --- Geography --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Physical Geography --- Black Sea --- Navigation. --- History. --- Navigation --- Chernoe more --- Chernoye more --- Chorne more --- Euxine Sea --- Karadeniz --- Marea Neagră --- Pontus Euxinus --- Historical geology. --- Economic geography. --- Urban planning. --- Geoecology. --- Environmental geology. --- Regional development --- Regional planning --- State planning --- Human settlements --- Land use --- Planning --- City planning --- Landscape protection --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Cosmography --- Earth sciences --- World history --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Natural history --- Government policy --- Ecology --- Ecology . --- Cities and towns --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Slum clearance --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- Geoecology --- Environmental protection --- Physical geology --- Geography, Economic --- World economics --- Commercial geography --- Geology --- Management --- Black Sea Region --- Black Sea. --- Black Sea Region. --- Marea Neagr