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The Multi-Tier Framework (MTF) defines access to electricity according to a spectrum that ranges from Tier 0 (no access) to Tier 5 (full access) through seven attributes: Capacity, Availability,Reliability, Quality, Affordability, Formality, and Health and Safety. The final aggregate tierfor a given household is based on the lowest tier that that household attained among allthe attributes. The MTF survey data show that, as of 2017, 1.4 million Zambian households (42.4 percent) have access to electricity through either national grid or off-grid sources, while the remaining 1.9 million households (57.6 percent) have no access to electricity. Out of the 42.4 percent with electricity, most (37.7 percent of all households) are connected to the nationalgrid, and the remaining 4.7 percent primarily use off-grid solutions. The difference in access toelectricity between urban and rural areas is substantial: most urban households (74.8 percent)access electricity through the national grid, yet the majority of rural households (88.1 percent)have no access to any kind of electricity source. The MTF defines Tier 1 or above as havingaccess to electricity based on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7.1.1. Nationwide, 40.3 percentof Zambian households are in Tier 1 or above for electricity access. Specifically, 75.2 percentof urban households and 8.7 percent of rural households are in Tier 1 or above. Grid users are mainly concentrated in Tiers 3 through 5, while user of off-grid solutions are primarily in Tiers 0 through 2. Nationwide, 59.7 percent of households are in Tier 0 for access to electricity, and the majority of them do not have any source of electricity. For households without any source of electricity, it will be critical to provide either an on-grid connection or an off-grid energy solution. Addressing high connection costs and offering flexible payment plans are likely to increase the grid-electrification rate. Grid infrastructure is available in 58.4 percent of the enumeration areas (EAs) in the country; however, only 37.7 percent of Zambian households are connected to the grid. The low uptake rate of grid connection opens up the possibility to increase grid electrification rate by around 20 percent through connecting households that are "under the grid," that is, directly beneath existing grid infrastructure. The penetration rate for off-grid solutions can also be improved by addressing Affordability issues through payment plans. Grid-connected households are mostly in higher tiers: 97.3 percent of grid-connected households are in Tier 3 or above, with 56.1 percent being in the highest tier, Tier 5. Challenges with Availability, Quality, and Reliability are the main issues preventing grid-connected households from being in the highest tier. Households using off-grid solar solutions are in Tiers 0 through 3, and they are mainly constrained by Capacity and Availability issues. Although the use of solar solutions is a relatively recent phenomenon in Zambia, 77.5 percent of solar users are satisfied with their current service from solar devices.

Electric Power --- Energy --- Energy Demand --- Energy Policies and Economics --- Fuels --- Gender --- Gender and Energy --- Renewable Energy --- Solar Energy

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The MTF survey is a global baseline survey on household access to electricity and clean cooking, which goes beyond the binary approach to look at access as a spectrum of service levels experienced by households.

Biomass Fuel --- Electric Power --- Electricity --- Energy --- Energy and Poverty Alleviation --- Energy Consumption --- Energy Policies and Economics --- Renewable Energy --- Rural Development

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Located in the Horn of Africa, Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa, home to more than 100 million people. Over 80 percent of Ethiopia's population live in rural areas, with agriculture functioning as the backbone of the country's economy. In the past decade, Ethiopia has become one of the world's fastest growing economies, with a 10.9 percent growth rate that represents twice the region's average growth rate of 5 percent. This growth positively impacted the country's extreme poverty rate, which fell 24 percentage points between 2000 and 2011.The Ethiopian government has made universal access to electricity a goal that it aims to reach by 2025; it aims to achieve this by including off-grid technologies - inclusive of mini-grids and off-grid solar solutions - in its universal electrification strategy. The government has also made access to modern energy cooking solutions a priority, which is significant in a country that traditionally uses biomass as its primary fuel (evident in more than 90 percent of the country's households). To learn more about these facts and the Multi-Tier Framework (MTF) results and analysis on Ethiopia's energy access rates, please visit MTF's country web page, engage with dynamic data, and download MTF's comprehensive Energy Access Country Diagnostic Report: https://energydata.info/dataset/ethiopia---multi-tier-framework--mtf--survey--2018-.

Electric Power --- Electricity --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Policies and Economics --- Fuels --- Gender --- Gender and Energy --- Solar Energy --- Stoves