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Information on the race and ethnicity of individuals enrolled through the HealthCare.gov Health Insurance Marketplace is critical for assessing past enrollment efforts and determining whether outreach campaigns should be modified or tailored moving forward. However, approximately one-third of insurance applicants do not complete the race and Hispanic ethnicity questions on the Marketplace application. When self-reported race and ethnicity information is missing, other information about an individual can be used to infer race and ethnicity, such as surnames, first names, and addresses, with each characteristic contributing meaningfully to the identification of six mutually exclusive racial and ethnic groups: American Indian (AI)/Alaskan Native (AN); Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI); Black; Hispanic; Multiracial; and White. Surnames are particularly useful for distinguishing people who identify as Hispanic and AANHPI from other racial and ethnic groups. Geocoded address information is particularly useful in distinguishing Black and White individuals who frequently reside in racially segregated neighborhoods. This report presents the results of imputing race and ethnicity for Marketplace enrollees from 2015 through 2022 using the modified Bayesian Improved First Name Surname and Geocoding (BIFSG) method, developed by the RAND Corporation, which uses surnames, first names, and residential addresses to indirectly estimate race and ethnicity.

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In the United States, low levels of price transparency make it hard for employers and other purchasers of health care to assess the prices that they pay for health care services. Using data from 2016 to 2018, the authors document variation in facility prices for the commercially insured population, reporting differences in standardized negotiated prices and prices relative to Medicare reimbursement rates for the same procedures and facilities. The data come from all but one state in the United States and cover

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Evaluating suicide prevention programs can be challenging because suicide is a rare event, data on suicides often lag by several years, and programs tend to have multiple components, making it difficult to discern which characteristics contributed to a given outcome. The RAND Suicide Prevention Program Evaluation Toolkit was designed to help program staff overcome these common challenges to evaluating and planning improvements to their programs. It begins by walking users through the process of developing a program logic model that ties program activities to intermediate outcomes, helping staff better understand the drivers of any changes in long-term outcomes, such as suicide rates. It then offers information about the latest evaluation research, helps users design an evaluation that is appropriate for their program type and available resources and expertise, supports the selection of measures for new evaluations and to augment or enhance ongoing evaluations, and offers basic guidance on how to analyze and use evaluation data for program improvement. Through checklists, worksheets, and templates, the toolkit takes users step by step through the process of identifying whether their programs produce beneficial effects, ultimately informing the responsible allocation of scarce resources. The toolkitâss design and content are the result of a rigorous, systematic review of the program evaluation literature to identify evaluation approaches, measures, and tools used elsewhere and will be particularly useful to coordinators and directors of suicide prevention programs in the U.S. Department of Defense, Veterans Health Administration, community-based settings, and state and local health departments. A companion report, Development and Pilot Test of the RAND Suicide Prevention Program Evaluation Toolkit, offers additional background on the toolkitâss design and refinement.

Suicidal behavior --- Suicide --- North America --- Evaluation Studies as Topic --- Behavioral Sciences --- Self-Injurious Behavior --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Investigative Techniques --- Quality of Health Care --- Social Problems --- Sociology --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Behavioral Disciplines and Activities --- Health Services Administration --- Behavioral Symptoms --- Americas --- Health Care --- Geographic Locations --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Behavior --- Social Sciences --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Geographicals --- United States --- Program Evaluation --- Methods --- Psychology --- Psychiatry --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Psychiatric Disorders, Individual --- Treatment --- Prevention --- Evaluation --- Factors, Psychological --- Psychological Factors --- Psychological Side Effects --- Psychologists --- Psychosocial Factors --- Side Effects, Psychological --- Factor, Psychological --- Factor, Psychosocial --- Factors, Psychosocial --- Psychological Factor --- Psychological Side Effect --- Psychologist --- Psychosocial Factor --- Side Effect, Psychological --- Methodological Studies --- Methodological Study --- Procedures --- Studies, Methodological --- Study, Methodological --- Method --- Procedure --- Family Planning Program Evaluation --- Program Appropriateness --- Program Effectiveness --- Program Sustainability --- Evaluation, Program --- Appropriateness, Program --- Effectiveness, Program --- Evaluations, Program --- Program Evaluations --- Program Sustainabilities --- Sustainabilities, Program --- Sustainability, Program --- Social Validity, Research --- Suicides --- Death --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Acceptance Process --- Acceptance Processes --- Behaviors --- Process, Acceptance --- Processes, Acceptance --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Behavioral Symptom --- Symptom, Behavioral --- Symptoms, Behavioral --- Administration, Health Services --- Health Services --- General Social Development and Population --- Problem, Social --- Problems, Social --- Social Problem --- Pharmacy Audit --- Quality of Care --- Quality of Healthcare --- Audit, Pharmacy --- Care Qualities --- Care Quality --- Health Care Quality --- Healthcare Quality --- Pharmacy Audits --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanisms --- Evaluation Mechanism, Healthcare --- Evaluation Mechanisms, Healthcare --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanism --- Mechanism, Healthcare Evaluation --- Mechanisms, Healthcare Evaluation --- Deliberate Self-Harm --- Non-Suicidal Self Injury --- Nonsuicidal Self Injury --- Self-Injury --- Parasuicide --- Self-Destructive Behavior --- Behavior, Self-Destructive --- Behavior, Self-Injurious --- Behaviors, Self-Destructive --- Behaviors, Self-Injurious --- Deliberate Self Harm --- Non Suicidal Self Injury --- Non-Suicidal Self Injuries --- Nonsuicidal Self Injuries --- Parasuicides --- Self Destructive Behavior --- Self Injuries, Non-Suicidal --- Self Injuries, Nonsuicidal --- Self Injurious Behavior --- Self Injury --- Self Injury, Non-Suicidal --- Self Injury, Nonsuicidal --- Self-Destructive Behaviors --- Self-Harm, Deliberate --- Self-Injuries --- Self-Injurious Behaviors --- Body Modification, Non-Therapeutic --- Proxemics --- Behavioral Science --- Proxemic --- Science, Behavioral --- Sciences, Behavioral --- Critique --- Evaluation Indexes --- Evaluation Methodology --- Evaluation Report --- Evaluation Research --- Methodology, Evaluation --- Pre-Post Tests --- Qualitative Evaluation --- Quantitative Evaluation --- Theoretical Effectiveness --- Use-Effectiveness --- Critiques --- Effectiveness, Theoretical --- Evaluation Methodologies --- Evaluation Reports --- Evaluation, Qualitative --- Evaluation, Quantitative --- Evaluations, Qualitative --- Evaluations, Quantitative --- Indexes, Evaluation --- Methodologies, Evaluation --- Pre Post Tests --- Pre-Post Test --- Qualitative Evaluations --- Quantitative Evaluations --- Report, Evaluation --- Reports, Evaluation --- Research, Evaluation --- Test, Pre-Post --- Tests, Pre-Post --- Use Effectiveness --- Killing oneself --- Self-killing --- Right to die --- Attempted suicide --- Suicide, Attempted --- Suicide attempts --- Unsuccessful attempted suicide --- Unsuccessful suicide attempts --- Self-destructive behavior --- organization & administration --- Causes --- Labor Exploitation --- Social Exploitation --- Exploitation, Labor --- Exploitation, Social --- Exploitations, Labor --- Behavior And Behavior Mechanism --- Intentional Self Harm --- Intentional Self Injury --- Self Harm --- Harm, Self --- Intentional Self Injuries --- Self Harm, Intentional --- Self Injury, Intentional --- Techniques --- Technique --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures. --- Geography. --- Geographic Locations. --- Factor, Geographic --- Factors, Geographic --- Geographic Factor --- Geographic Factors --- Geography, Human --- Human Geography --- Diagnostic Technics and Procedures --- Technics and Procedures, Diagnostic --- Techniques and Procedures, Diagnostic --- Diagnostic Testing --- Testing, Diagnostic --- Diagnosis --- Sensitivity and Specificity --- methods --- Geographic Location --- America --- Northern America --- Evaluation Studies as Topic. --- Behavioral Sciences. --- Self-Injurious Behavior. --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms. --- Investigative Techniques. --- Quality of Health Care. --- Social Problems. --- Sociology. --- Behavioral Disciplines and Activities. --- Health Services Administration. --- Behavioral Symptoms. --- Delivery of Health Care. --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation. --- Behavior. --- Social Sciences. --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms. --- Suicide. --- Program Evaluation. --- Methods. --- Psychology. --- North America. --- Americas. --- United States.

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Veterans who have served in the military since September 11, 2001, are at particularly high risk for co-occurring substance use disorders (SUDs) and mental health disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Many treatment facilities require abstinence from substances prior to admission for mental health care, but the combination of symptoms that these disorders present makes them difficult to treat separately. Thus, integrated care—in which both SUDs and mental health problems are addressed concurrently—is a recommended form of treatment for these veterans. To help improve access to effective treatment for these veterans, the authors review the literature on efficacious approaches to treating SUDs alone and alongside mental health disorders. They also present findings from an analysis of the availability of treatment centers that offer SUD care for veterans and from a series of interviews and site visits with treatment providers. The authors conclude with guidance and recommendations to support the delivery of quality care for veterans with SUDs and, ultimately, to help expand and enhance treatment opportunities for veterans with co-occurring SUDs and mental health disorders.

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Despite the strong representation of Black Americans in military service, there is little research on the impact of military service on Black people - that is, whether Black veterans have better life outcomes, in terms of health, economic status, and social relationships - compared with their Black civilian counterparts and White veterans and civilians. The authors of this report sought to address this knowledge gap by examining the ways in which military service might be correlated with experiences of Black individuals and by exploring several factors that could be meaningful to health and well-being for Black Americans. They reviewed literature and analyzed data from nationally representative surveys to examine four types of outcomes: physical health, behavioral health, economic stability, and interpersonal relationships.