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This paper examines China’s reform experience since 1978, reviewing major initiatives taken and assessing their impact on economic structure and their implications for macroeconomic management and stability. It identifies some of the special conditions before and during the reform process that impinged on China’s capacity to implement reforms, and, in particular, those where China may differ from other countries undertaking reform, including former CPEs. A further consideration is the choice of the sequence and pace of reform and the structural and institutional changes that are needed to reorient the economy towards the market.

Foreign Exchange --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Agribusiness --- Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: General --- Comparative Economic Systems: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Agriculture: General --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Fiscal Policy --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Labour --- income economics --- Agricultural economics --- Labor --- Agricultural sector --- Fiscal policy --- Prices --- Economic sectors --- Labor economics --- Agricultural industries --- China, People's Republic of --- Income economics

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Since the mid-1960s, Thailand's growth performance has been exceptional. Although hard hit by the external shocks fo the late 1970s and the early 1980s that proved severely destabilizing to many developing countries, Thailand showed remarkable reslience: price stability was quickly restored, and the Thai economy emerged from this period with strong recovery in growth and investment, in an environment of overall macroeconomic stability. This study examines the evolution of investment and growth and Thailand's macroeconomic and structural policies, with a view to understanding the main factors that have led to this impressive economic performance.

Third World: economic development problems --- Thailand --- Structural adjustment (Economic policy) --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy --- -330.35 <593> --- developpement economique --- politique economique --- thailande --- ID / Indonesia - Indonesie --- TH / Thailand - Thailande --- 331.31 --- 331.30 --- 333.820 --- 330.05 --- 338.9593 --- Economische groei. Kwantitatieve toename. Technische vooruitgang --zie ook {338.09}--Thailand --- economische ontwikkeling --- economisch beleid --- thailand --- Economisch beleid. --- Economische toestand. --- Geldbeleid, bankbeleid en kredietbeleid: algemeenheden. --- Economic conditions. --- Economic policy. --- Working papers --- 330.35 <593> Economische groei. Kwantitatieve toename. Technische vooruitgang --zie ook {338.09}--Thailand --- 330.35 <593> --- Economische toestand --- Economisch beleid --- Geldbeleid, bankbeleid en kredietbeleid: algemeenheden --- Developing countries: economic development problems --- Structural adjustment (Economic policy) - Thailand --- Thailand - Economic conditions --- Thailand - Economic policy --- Investments: General --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Production and Operations Management --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Fiscal Policy --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Public ownership --- nationalization --- Private investment --- Real wages --- Fiscal policy --- Labor markets --- Labor costs --- National accounts --- Wages --- Public enterprises --- Economic sectors --- Saving and investment --- Labor market --- Industrial productivity --- Debts, Public --- Income economics --- Nationalization

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Structural transformation depends not only on how much countries export but also on what they export and with whom they trade. This paper breaks new ground in analyzing India’s exports by the technological content, quality, sophistication, and complexity of the export basket. We identify five priority areas for policies: (1) reduction of trade costs, at and behind the border; (2) further liberalization of FDI including through simplification of regulations and procedures; (3) improving infrastructure including in urban areas to enhance manufacturing and services in cities; (4) preparing labor resources (skills) and markets (flexibility) for the technological progress that will shape jobs in the years ahead; and (5) creating an enabling environment for innovation and entrepreneurship to draw the economy into higher productivity activities.

Economic development -- India. --- Exports -- India. --- India -- Commerce. --- Manufacturing industries -- India. --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- Local Commerce --- Exports --- Manufacturing industries --- India --- Commerce. --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Industries: Manufacturing --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Industrialization --- Manufacturing and Service Industries --- Choice of Technology --- Development Planning and Policy: Trade Policy --- Factor Movement --- Foreign Exchange Policy --- Comparative Studies of Countries --- Trade: General --- Neoclassical Models of Trade --- Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- International economics --- Service exports --- Comparative advantage --- Manufacturing --- Personal income --- International trade --- Economic sectors --- National accounts --- Income

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This paper reviews macroeconomic developments during the first year of the crisis in east Asia and draws some preliminary policy lessons. The crisis is rooted in the interaction of large capital inflows and weak private and public sector governance. At the same time, macroeconomic adjustment in these countries has resulted in some surprising outcomes, including severe economic contractions, low inflation, and rapid external adjustment. The lessons for crisis resolution include the importance of tight monetary policy early on for exchange rate stabilization, flexible fiscal policy, and comprehensive structural reform. Crises are avoided by prudent macroeconomic policies, diligent bank supervision, transparent data dissemination, strong governance, and forward-looking policymaking, even in good times.

Banks and Banking --- Corporate Finance --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Industries: Financial Services --- Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- Corporate Finance and Governance: General --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Fiscal Policy --- Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects --- Trade: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Ownership & organization of enterprises --- Finance --- International economics --- Banking --- Exchange rates --- Financial sector --- Corporate sector --- Real interest rates --- Export performance --- Economic sectors --- Financial services --- Commercial banks --- Financial institutions --- Financial services industry --- Business enterprises --- Interest rates --- Exports --- Banks and banking --- Indonesia