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The European Union is the world's most advanced international organization, presiding over a level of legal and economic integration unmatched in global politics. To explain this achievement, many observers point to its formal rules that entail strong obligations and delegate substantial power to supranational actors such as the European Commission. This legalistic view, Mareike Kleine contends, is misleading. More often than not, governments and bureaucrats informally depart from the formal rules and thereby contradict their very purpose. Behind the EU's front of formal rules lies a thick network of informal governance practices.If not the EU's rules, what accounts for the high level of economic integration among its members? How does the EU really work? In answering these questions, Kleine proposes a new way of thinking about international organizations. Informal governance affords governments the flexibility to resolve conflicts that adherence to EU rules may generate at the domestic level. By dispersing the costs that integration may impose on individual groups, it allows governments to keep domestic interests aligned in favor of European integration. The combination of formal rules and informal governance therefore sustains a level of cooperation that neither regime alone permits, and it reduces the EU's democratic deficit by including those interests into deliberations that are most immediately affected by its decisions. In illustrating informal norms and testing how they work, Kleine provides the first systematic analysis, based on new material from national and European archives and other primary data, of the parallel development of the formal rules and informal norms that have governed the EU from the 1958 Treaty of Rome until today.
Political sociology --- European Union --- Decision making --- #SBIB:327.7H220 --- #SBIB:35H100 --- Deciding --- Decision (Psychology) --- Decision analysis --- Decision processes --- Making decisions --- Management --- Management decisions --- Choice (Psychology) --- Problem solving --- Decision making. --- Europese Unie: instellingen en besluitvorming --- Bestuurlijke organisatie: algemene werken --- European Union countries --- Politics and government. --- E.U.
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Societies is a peer-reviewed, international and interdisciplinary scholarly open access journal that brings together the social sciences and humanities to enhance our scientific understanding of the social realm, from ancient times to the future. It publishes original research articles, reviews, commentaries, and short notes that are relevant to the study of past, present and emerging societies.
Social sciences --- Humanities --- Humanities. --- Social sciences. --- humanities
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Econometrics --- Econometrics. --- econometric models --- Economics
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Finance --- Finance. --- financial markets
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Risk management --- Risk (Insurance) --- Financial risk management --- Financial risk management. --- Risk management. --- insurance --- Insurance
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Humanities --- Humanities. --- humanities --- History of civilization
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State, The --- Law --- Law. --- State, The. --- international law
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The Nazis' persecution of the Jews during the Holocaust included the creation of prisoner hierarchies that forced victims to cooperate with their persecutors. Many in the camps and ghettos came to hold so-called "privileged" positions, and their behavior has often been judged as self-serving and harmful to fellow inmates. Such controversial figures constitute an intrinsically important, frequently misunderstood, and often taboo aspect of the Holocaust. Drawing on Primo Levi's concept of the "grey zone," this study analyzes the passing of moral judgment on "privileged" Jews as represented by w
Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Holocauste, 1939-1945 --- 2ème guerre mondiale --- Influence. --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Collaborationists --- Influence --- Aspect moral --- Collaborateurs --- Levi, Primo --- Criticism and interpretation. --- 2ème guerre mondiale --- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) -- Influence. --- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) -- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Levi, Primo -- Criticism and interpretation. --- World War, 1939-1945 -- Collaborationists -- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Levi, Primo. --- Levi, Primo, --- History --- Holocaust ethics --- collaboration --- Claude Lanzmann --- Primo Levi --- Auschwitz concentration camp --- Czerniaków --- Jews --- Judenrat --- Nazism --- Raul Hilberg --- Sonderkommando --- The Holocaust
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It is estimated that only a small fraction, less than 1 per cent, of ancient literature has survived to the present day. The role of Christian authorities in the active suppression and destruction of books in Late Antiquity has received surprisingly little sustained consideration by academics. In an approach that presents evidence for the role played by Christian institutions, writers and saints, this book analyses a broad range of literary and legal sources, some of which have hitherto been little studied. Paying special attention to the problem of which genres and book types were likely to be targeted, the author argues that in addition to heretical, magical, astrological and anti-Christian books, other less obviously subversive categories of literature were also vulnerable to destruction, censorship or suppression through prohibition of the copying of manuscripts. These include texts from materialistic philosophical traditions, texts which were to become the basis for modern philosophy and science. This book examines how Christian authorities, theologians and ideologues suppressed ancient texts and associated ideas at a time of fundamental transformation in the late classical world.
Censorship --- Prohibited books --- Book burning --- Church history --- Livres prohibés --- Autodafé de livres --- Eglise --- Religious aspects --- Christianity --- History. --- Histoire --- 27 "03/06" --- 27 "03/06" Histoire de l'Eglise--?"03/06" --- 27 "03/06" Kerkgeschiedenis--?"03/06" --- Histoire de l'Eglise--?"03/06" --- Kerkgeschiedenis--?"03/06" --- Apostolic Church --- Church, Apostolic --- Early Christianity --- Early church --- Primitive and early church --- Primitive Christianity --- Fathers of the church --- Great Apostasy (Mormon doctrine) --- Books --- Burning of books --- Banned books --- Bibliography --- Books, Prohibited --- Censorship of the press --- Children's literature --- Condemned books --- Press --- Books and reading --- Illegal libraries --- Book censorship --- Literature --- Literature and morals --- Anticensorship activists --- Challenged books --- Expurgated books --- Intellectual freedom --- Burning --- Law and legislation --- History --- Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600 --- Censure --- Aspect religieux --- Christianisme --- Manuscripts --- Paganism --- Transmission of texts. --- Relations --- Livres prohibés --- Autodafé de livres --- Religious aspects&delete& --- Christianity&delete& --- Book-burning. --- Christian polemics. --- Epicurean philosophy. --- censorship.
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