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The use of recreational drugs of abuse by large numbers of individuals in this country and abroad has aroused serious concerns about the consequences of this activity. For example, it is recognized that marijuana is currently widely used as a recreational drug in the United States as well as other countries. Similarly, abuse of cocaine, especially crack cocaine, is considered to be an epidemic. “The war on drugs” by the US Government was directly aimed at the illicit use of cocaine, marijuana, and opiates as well as other drugs of abuse. Furthermore, alcohol is also considered a major problem of abuse in this country as well as in many other countries. It is estimated there are at least 10 million alcoholics in the United States alone. A significant portion of those hospitalized with infectious diseases are alcoholics. Similarly, there have been many reports of association between marijuana use and increased susceptibility to infection as well as a reflection between use of opiates and infections. The relationship between drug abuse and increased incidence of various infections has stimulated increased investigation of whether and how such drugs affect immune function, especially important for resistance against infectious agents. During the last decades, a wide variety of studies have shown that drugs of abuse, including marijuana, cocaine, or opiates, as well as alcohol, alter both neurophysiological as well as pathological responses of individuals.

Drugs of abuse --- Immunosuppression. --- Substance abuse --- Communicable diseases --- Physiological effect. --- Complications. --- Etiology. --- Contagion and contagious diseases --- Contagious diseases --- Infectious diseases --- Microbial diseases in human beings --- Zymotic diseases --- Diseases --- Infection --- Epidemics --- Abuse of substances --- Addiction, Substance --- Addictive behavior --- Chemical dependence --- Chemical dependency --- Substance addiction --- Substance dependence --- Substance-related disorders --- Substance use disorders --- Psychology, Pathological --- Depression, Immune --- Immune depression --- Immune suppression --- Immunodepression --- Suppression, Immune --- Immune response --- Immunological tolerance --- Therapeutics --- Immunodeficiency --- Drug abuse --- Regulation --- Physiological effect --- Psychiatry. --- Immunology. --- Microbiology. --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Emerging infections --- New infectious diseases --- Re-emerging infectious diseases --- Reemerging infectious diseases --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Medicine and psychology --- Mental health --- Infectious diseases.

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Introduction and Perspectives This volume is based on the proceedings of the 7th annual symposium on the topic Neuroimmune Circuits, Infectious Diseases and Drugs of Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland, Oc- ber 7–9, 1999. This symposium, as in the past, focused on newer knowledge concerning the relationship between the immune and nervous systems with regards to the effects of drugs of abuse and infections, including AIDS, caused by the immunodeficiency virus. Presentations discussed the brain-immune axis from the viewpoint of drugs of abuse rather than from the subject of the brain or immunity alone. The major aim of this series of conferences has been to clarify the consequences of immunomodulation induced by drugs of abuse in regards to susceptibility and pathogenesis of infectious diseases, both in man and in various animal model systems. The recreational use of drugs of abuse such as morphine, cocaine, and marijuana by large numbers of individuals in this country and around the world has continued to arouse serious concerns about the consequences of use of such drugs, especially on the normal physiological responses of an individual, including immune responses. Much of the recent data accumulated by investigators show that drugs of abuse, especially opioids and cannabinoids, markedly alter immune responses in human populations as well as in experimental animals, both in vivo and in vitro.

Drugs of abuse --- Immunosuppression --- Infection --- HIV infections --- Neuroimmunology --- Immunology --- Neurology. --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Immunology. --- Medical virology. --- Pharmacy. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Public Health. --- Virology. --- Neurology . --- Infectious diseases. --- Public health. --- Chemistry --- Medicine --- Drugs --- Materia medica --- Pharmacology --- Microbiology --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Nervous system --- Neuropsychiatry --- Diseases --- Depression, Immune --- Immune depression --- Immune suppression --- Immunodepression --- Suppression, Immune --- Immune response --- Immunological tolerance --- Therapeutics --- Immunodeficiency --- HIV (Viruses) infections --- HTLV-III infections --- HTLV-III-LAV infections --- Human T-lymphotropic virus III infections --- Lentivirus infections --- Sexually transmitted diseases --- Street drugs --- Psychotropic drugs --- Regulation

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Drugs of abuse - Pathophysiology - Congresses.