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McWilliams began her career in public life when she arrived in Winnipeg at the age of thirty-five. A graduate in Political Science from the University of Toronto, she had a vision of women university graduates as "pilgrims of peace abroad and pilgrims of understanding at home." During her years in Winnipeg she became the first president of the Canadian Federation of University Women, wrote a number of books on history and politics, served as a city councillor during the Depression, and in 1943 chaired the subcommittee on Postwar Problems for Women for the federal government's committee on Reconstruction. For more than thirty years she held regular "current events" classes, providing education in politics for women. Central to Kinnear's study is a definition of feminism with three core components: women are equal to men and ought not to be treated as inferior; the condition of women is socially constructed and can be altered by human choice; and women experience a consciousness of identification with other women as a social group. Any definition of feminism is bound to be contentious but one is necessary, Kinnear maintains, if comparisons are to be made over time and across cultures. Kinnear also discusses the notion of class and its relationship to gender and ethnicity in the interwar period. Margaret McWilliams is being published during the seventy-fifth anniversary of the enfranchisement of women in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, the first provinces to do so. Margaret McWilliams, the woman, was an exemplary model of women in post-suffrage public life.

Feminists --- Social reformers --- Women social reformers --- Reformers --- McWilliams, Margaret, --- Stovel, Maggie May, --- Stovel, Margaret,

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The family has become a subject of increasing scrutiny in recent years, giving special relevance to this work by the late Michael Sheehan. Collected here for the first time, Sheehan's papers contain the fruits of a forty-year-long career of archival research and interpretation of documents on property, marriage, family, sexuality, and law in medieval Europe. Marked by an early orientation and developing focus on the status of women in the Middle Ages, the work of Michael Sheehan displays a unique tapestry of the social and legal realities of medieval marriages and family life. Sheehan's research focused on the parallel study and interpretation of Church law and cases drawn from ecclesiastical court registers. By analysing the emergence of the last will as a legal and social document, he brought a new interpretation to the definition and codification of Christian marriage and the family and how these institutions functioned in society. Although his approach was largely by way of canon law, he was invariably at pins to incorporate solid support from such related fields as theology, the social and popular history of religion, and the history of sexuality and sexual behaviour. As a result, these essays throw light on many social realities in medieval Europe and illustrate the development of a methodology for others to follow.

Women diplomats --- International cooperation --- Cooperation, International --- Global governance --- Institutions, International --- Interdependence of nations --- International institutions --- World order --- Cooperation --- International relations --- International organization --- Women as diplomats --- Diplomats --- McGeachy, Mary, --- League of Nations --- United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration --- Great Britain. --- International Council of Women --- C.I.F. --- C.I.M. --- Cif --- CIM --- Conseil international des femmes --- Consejo Internacional de Mujeres --- I.C.W. --- I.F.R. --- ICW --- IFR --- Internationaler Frauenbund --- Internationaler Frauenrat --- Associated Country Women of the World --- Liaison Committee of Rural Women's and Homemakers' Organisations --- International Relief and Rehabilitation Administration --- UNRRA --- Administrat︠s︡ii︠a︡ Ob"edinennykh Nat︠s︡iĭ dli︠a︡ pomoshchi i vosstanovlenii︠a︡ --- Správa Spojených národů pro okamžitou pomoc a první obnovu --- United Nations. --- U.N.R.R.A. --- International Refugee Organization --- Officials and employees --- Canada --- Women diplomats. --- International cooperation. --- International Council of Women. --- Women. --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- Marriage --- Marriage (Canon law) --- Families --- History. --- Women --- Femmes diplomates --- Cooperation internationale --- Societe des Nations --- Grande-Bretagne. --- Fonctionnaires

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Kinnear presents five case studies of professional women in Manitoba: university teachers, physicians, lawyers, nurses, and schoolteachers. Although the unrelenting efforts of nineteenth-century feminists won women access to higher education and the professions, the author reveals that most women, whether in male- or female-dominated professions, were forced to accept subordinate positions. They responded with acquiescence, indifference, resentment, or resistance. Kinnear considers the reasons for and the cost of these various strategies. In addition to quantitative data culled from census and other records, Kinnear has collected testimony from more than two hundred professional women, a rich mine of information. A significant contribution to the growing literature on women and the professions, In Subordination helps explain why professional women continue to fight for equality today.

Women in the professions --- Sex discrimination in employment --- History.

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