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History of Italy --- anno 1800-1899

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Taxation

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We evaluated whether environmental enrichment-related effects on the development of stereotyped behavior in deer mice were associated with alterations in dendritic morphology. Deer mice were reared under enriched or standard housing conditions and then tested in automated photocell detectors and classified as stereotypic or nonstereotypic. Dendritic morphology was assessed in layer V pyramidal neurons of the motor cortex, medium spiny neurons of the dorsolateral striatum, and granule cells of the dentate gyrus using Golgi-Cox histochemistry. Enriched nonstereotypic mice exhibited significantly higher dendritic spine densities in the motor cortex and the striatum than enriched stereotypic or standard-cage mice. Significant increases in dendritic arborization following environmental enrichment also were observed. These results suggest that the enrichment-related prevention of stereotyped behavior is associated with increased dendritic spine density. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Amphetamine. --- Bank voles. --- Behavior. --- Complex environments. --- Cortex. --- Deer mice. --- Deer. --- Density. --- Dentate gyrus. --- Development. --- Differential experience. --- Enriched. --- Enrichment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Frontal-cortex. --- Golgi-cox,repetitive behavior,deer mice,brain. --- Housing conditions. --- Housing. --- Increase. --- Increases. --- Mice. --- Morphology. --- Neurons. --- Plasticity. --- Prevention. --- Rat-brain. --- Sex-differences. --- Stereotyped behavior. --- Stereotypic. --- Striatum.

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Great Britain --- Economic policy