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Extracellular nucleic acids have recently emerged as important players in the fields of biology and the medical sciences. In the last several years, extracellular nucleic acids have been shown to be involved in not only microbial evolution as genetic elements but also to have structural roles in bacterial communities, such as biofilms. Circulating DNA and RNA have been found in human blood and expected to be useful as non-invasive markers for the diagnosis of several diseases. In addition, extracellular nucleic acids have attracted attention as active modulators of the immune system of higher organisms, including humans. This book covers nearly all of the newly developing fields related to extracellular nucleic acids, including those of basic biology, ecology and the medical sciences, and provides readers with the latest knowledge on them.

Histology. Cytology --- General biochemistry --- biochemie --- cytologie --- histologie

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This paper assesses the issues of government involvement in international trade finance stemming from the recent changes in global financial markets. This study is based on discussions with representatives of export credit agencies during the period from October 2003 to May 2004. A survey of 27 agencies provided valuable insights. Financial flows facilitated by official export credit agencies are large in comparison with official development assistance and gross lending by international financial institutions to developing countries. However, the importance of officially supported trade finance has been declining relative to the rapid expansion of world trade and total capital flows to developing countries. The study highlights the key challenges facing official export credit agencies, including complementing the private sector, facilitating financing to low-income countries while helping maintain these countries’ debt sustainability, and playing a positive role in the area of trade finance in international efforts to address emerging market financial crises.

Export credit. --- Export credit --- Crédit à l'exportation. --- Crédit à l'exportation --- Credit --- Exports --- Foreign trade promotion --- Import credit --- Finance --- Exports and Imports --- Finance: General --- Insurance --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Industries: Financial Services --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance: General --- Trade: General --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Insurance Companies --- Actuarial Studies --- International economics --- Insurance & actuarial studies --- Monetary economics --- Banking --- Export credits --- Trade finance --- Emerging and frontier financial markets --- Multilateral development institutions --- International trade --- Money --- Financial markets --- Financial institutions --- International finance --- Financial services industry --- Development banks --- United States