Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper examines the macroeconomic interaction between informality and gender inequality in the labor market. A dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is built to study the impact of gender-targeted policies on female labor force participation, female formal employment, gender wage gap, as well as on aggregate economic outcomes. The model is estimated using Bayesian techniques and Indian data. Although these policies are found to increase female labor force participation and output, lack of sufficient formal job creation due to labor market rigidities leads to an increase in unemployment and informality, and further widens gender gaps in formal employment and wages. Simultaneously implementing such policies with formal job creating policies helps remove these adverse impacts while also leading to significantly larger gains in output.

Labor market --- Sex discrimination in employment --- Women --- Employees --- Market, Labor --- Supply and demand for labor --- Markets --- Employment --- Supply and demand --- Macroeconomics --- Economics --- E-books --- Labor --- Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Informal Economy --- Underground Econom --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Labor Discrimination --- Economic Development: Human Resources --- Human Development --- Income Distribution --- Migration --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Labour --- income economics --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Gender inequality --- Labor markets --- Labor supply --- Gender diversity --- Gender --- Sex discrimination --- Sex role --- Labor economics --- India --- Income economics --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper investigates the implications of lowering formal regulations in labor and product markets on informality and macroeconomic outcomes in India. We estimate a DSGE model with an informal sector, and rigidities in the formal labor and product markets. Along with increasing GDP and employment, deregulation also leads to lower informality and greater product market competition. Slow reallocation of resources between the formal and informal sectors leads to some adverse impacts in the short run that can be minimized by implementing a combined package of reforms. These impacts are shown to be greater in an economy with a larger informal sector.

Manpower policy --- Informal sector (Economics) --- Labor market --- Employees --- Market, Labor --- Supply and demand for labor --- Markets --- Supply and demand --- Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- International Economics --- Labor --- Finance: General --- Foreign Exchange --- Informal Economy --- Underground Econom --- Trade and Labor Market Interactions --- Open Economy Macroeconomics --- Labor Economics Policies --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Labour --- income economics --- Finance --- Financial crises --- Economic sectors --- Labor markets --- Wages --- Unemployment --- Commodity markets --- Financial markets --- Labor costs --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Commodity exchanges --- India --- Income economics

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The share of women in managerial and leadership roles in Japan – in both the public and private sector – are among the lowest across the globe. This paper empirically examines what drives these large gender gaps in leadership in Japan, using the SVAR model. Results suggest — (i) cultural norms where women take up significantly more burden of household and childcare work; (ii) Japan’s unique employment practices (non-regular employment, long in-person working hours); and (iii) the availability of childcare facilities — are the key drivers. Further progress on workstyle reforms, more flexible labor markets, improving the quality of childcare facilities, and raising paternity leave usage will help close these gaps.

Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Child Care --- Children --- Economic theory --- Economics of Gender --- Employment --- Family Planning --- Fertility --- Gender diversity --- Gender inequality --- Gender Studies --- Gender studies --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Gender --- Income economics --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Labor Contracts --- Labor Economics Policies --- Labor Economics: General --- Labor --- Labour --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Sex discrimination --- Sex role --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies --- Youth --- Japan

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Digital financial services have been a key driver of financial inclusion in recent years. While there is evidence that financial inclusion through traditional services has a positive impact on economic growth, do the same results carry over for digital financial inclusion? What drives digital financial inclusion? Why does it advance more in some countries but not in others? Using new indices of financial inclusion developed in Khera et. al. (2021), this paper addresses these questions for 52 developing countries. Using cross-sectional instrument variable procedure, we find that the exogenous component of digital financial inclusion is positively associated with growth in GDP per capita during 2011-2018, which suggests that digital financial inclusion can accelerate economic growth. Fractional logit and random effects empirical estimation identifies access to infrastructure, financial and digital literacy, and quality of institutions as key drivers of digital financial inclusion. These findings are then used to help inform policy recommendations in areas related to the digitization of financial services to promote financial inclusion.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Finance: General --- Industries: Financial Services --- Foreign Exchange --- Informal Economy --- Underground Econom --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Finance --- Computer applications in industry & technology --- Financial inclusion --- Financial markets --- Mobile banking --- Technology --- Financial services --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Financial services industry --- Banks and banking, Mobile --- Kenya

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

While digital financial services have made access to finance easier, faster, and less costly, helping to broaden digital financial inclusion, its impact on gender gaps varies across countries. Moreover, women leaders in the fintech industry, although growing, remain scarce. This paper explores the interaction between ‘women’ and ‘fintech’ by examining: (i) the role of women leaders on firm-level performance in the fintech industry; and (ii) the determinants of gender gaps in the usage of digital services to better understand the cross-country differences. Results indicate that greater gender diversity in the executive board is associated with better performance of fintech firms.With regard to determinants of the gender gaps in the usage of digital financial services, we find that higher financial and digital literacy of women is associated with lower gender gaps in digital financial inclusion, and that socio-cultural factors also play a key role.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Gender Studies --- Women''s Studies' --- Finance: General --- Industries: Financial Services --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Finance --- Computer applications in industry & technology --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Financial technology (fintech) --- Women --- Gender --- Gender inequality --- Financial inclusion --- Financial markets --- Gender diversity --- Fintech --- Technology --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Sex discrimination --- Financial services industry --- Technological innovations --- Sex role --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies