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This book gives a comprehensive presentation of our present understanding of the Earth's Hydrological cycle and the problems, consequences and impacts that go with this topic. Water is a central component in the Earth's system. It is indispensable for life on Earth in its present form and influences virtually every aspect of our planet's life support system. On relatively short time scales, atmospheric water vapor interacts with the atmospheric circulation and is crucial in forming the Earth's climate zones. Water vapor is the most powerful of the greenhouse gases and serves to enhance the tropospheric temperature. The dominant part of available water on Earth resides in the oceans. Parts are locked up in the land ice on Greenland and Antarctica and a smaller part is estimated to exist as groundwater. If all the ice over the land and all the glaciers were to melt, the sea level would rise by some 80 m. In comparison, the total amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is small; it amounts to ~ 25 kg/m2, or the equivalent of 25 mm water for each column of air. Yet atmospheric water vapor is crucial for the Earth’s energy balance. The book gives an up to date presentation of the present knowledge. Previously published in Surveys in Geophysics, Volume 35, No. 3, 2014.

Hydrologic cycle. --- Earth (Planet) --- Cycle, Hydrologic --- Hydrological cycle --- Water cycle --- Cycles --- Hydrology --- Earth --- Climatic changes. --- Oceanography. --- Climate Change. --- Hydrology/Water Resources. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Earth System Sciences. --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Oceanography, Physical --- Oceanology --- Physical oceanography --- Thalassography --- Earth sciences --- Marine sciences --- Ocean --- Environmental aspects --- Climate change. --- Hydrology. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Physical geography. --- Geography --- Atmospheric sciences --- Atmosphere --- Aquatic sciences --- Hydrography --- Water --- Global environmental change

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This book is a collection of 19 articles which reflect the courses given at the Collège de France/Summer school "Reconstruction d'images − Applications astrophysiques" held in Nice and Fréjus, France, from June 18 to 22, 2012. The articles presented in this volume address emerging concepts and methods that are useful in the complex process of improving our knowledge of the celestial objects, including Earth. The book contains three parts. The first part is titled "Physical bases and new challenges in high resolution imaging". This part draws a picture of some of the high angular resolution instruments of the near to far future, and of the issues to overcome to make this picture real. It deals with hypertelescopes, optical interferometry, adaptive optics, wavefront coding, and with polychromatic astrophysical models. The point of view of the articles of the second part, titled "Physical models and data processing" embraces not only the description of data using physical modeling, but also the resulting data processing in radio and optical interferometry, including hypertelescopes. The third part is titled "Statistical models in signal and image processing". These contributions cover past and recent developments in multiresolution analysis, Bayesian modeling, sparsity, convex optimization and hyperspectral data. While reading, the alert reader will notice that the successful realization of future observation technologies and the best extraction of the astrophysical information encapsulated in their data involve the joint expertise of several research communities. The various articles collected in this book may contribute to such a synergy.

SCIENCE / Astronomy. --- Images --- Applications astrophysiques --- Statistical models --- Optical models

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Pure sciences. Natural sciences (general)

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Pure sciences. Natural sciences (general)