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In their earliest encounters with Asia, Europeans almost uniformly characterized the people of China and Japan as white. This was a means of describing their wealth and sophistication, their willingness to trade with the West, and their presumed capacity to become Christianized. But by the end of the seventeenth century the category of whiteness was reserved for Europeans only. When and how did Asians become "yellow" in the Western imagination? Looking at the history of racial thinking, Becoming Yellow explores the notion of yellowness and shows that this label originated not in early travel texts or objective descriptions, but in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century scientific discourses on race. From the walls of an ancient Egyptian tomb, which depicted people of varying skin tones including yellow, to the phrase "yellow peril" at the beginning of the twentieth century in Europe and America, Michael Keevak follows the development of perceptions about race and human difference. He indicates that the conceptual relationship between East Asians and yellow skin did not begin in Chinese culture or Western readings of East Asian cultural symbols, but in anthropological and medical records that described variations in skin color. Eighteenth-century taxonomers such as Carl Linnaeus, as well as Victorian scientists and early anthropologists, assigned colors to all racial groups, and once East Asians were lumped with members of the Mongolian race, they began to be considered yellow. Demonstrating how a racial distinction took root in Europe and traveled internationally, Becoming Yellow weaves together multiple narratives to tell the complex history of a problematic term.

Racism --- Race awareness --- East Asians --- National characteristics, East Asian --- History --- Race identity --- National characteristics, East Asian. --- Race identity. --- S11/1200 --- S02/0300 --- S03/0240 --- J4129 --- China: Social sciences--Anthropology, ethnology (incl. human palaeontology): general and China --- China: General works--Chinese culture and the West and vice-versa --- China: Geography, description and travel--Travels: 1500-1840 --- Japan: Sociology and anthropology -- cross-cultural contacts, contrasts and globalization --- Bias, Racial --- Race bias --- Race prejudice --- Racial bias --- East Asian national characteristics --- Prejudices --- Anti-racism --- Race relations --- Awareness --- Ethnopsychology --- Ethnic attitudes --- Asians --- Ethnology --- Sociology of minorities --- History of Asia --- anno 1700-1799 --- anno 1800-1899 --- Critical race theory --- Carl Linnaeus. --- China. --- Chinese. --- Down syndrome. --- East Asian bodies. --- East Asians. --- Far East. --- Franois Bernier. --- Japan. --- Japanese. --- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. --- Mongolian bodies. --- Mongolian eye. --- Mongolian race. --- Mongolian spot. --- Mongolian. --- Mongolianness. --- Mongolism. --- Sino-Japanese War. --- Tartar. --- Tom Pires. --- Wilhelm II. --- anatomical quantification. --- anthropology. --- color top. --- homo sapiens. --- human taxonomies. --- medicine. --- merchants. --- missionaries. --- race. --- racial thinking. --- racism. --- skin color. --- travel narrators. --- whiteness. --- yellow peril. --- yellow race. --- yellow. --- yellowness. --- Racism - Western countires - History - 18th century --- Racism - Western countires - History - 19th century --- Race awareness - Western countries - History - 18th century --- Race awareness - Western countries - History - 19th century --- East Asians - Race identity

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Christian antiquities --- Church of the East members --- Historiography --- Church of the East --- History. --- Nestorian tablet of Sian-fu.

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Face (Philosophy) --- Acculturation --- East and West --- Civilization, Western --- Chinese influences

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Michael Keevak traces the Western reception of the Chinese concept of 'face' during the past two hundred years, arguing that it has always been linked to nineteenth-century colonialism.

Face (Philosophy) --- Acculturation. --- East and West. --- Civilization, Western --- Chinese influences. --- Western countries --- China --- Relations --- Acculturation --- East and West --- Chinese influences