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Using the transaction-cost literature pioneered by Oliver Williamson, John Baldwin examines contractual failure in Canada in natural monopoly cases, asking why initial forms of contracts between the state and private enterprise failed, and why this failure so often resulted in the use of public enterprise rather than regulatory tribunals.

Conflict of laws --- Government business enterprises --- Government corporations --- Trade regulation. --- Law and legislation --- Natural monopolies. --- private property rights. --- regulatory agency. --- transaction failure. --- utilities.