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The activity of the Federation of Expellees (German: Bund der Ver triebenen, BdV) and its chairperson Erika Steinbach, including efforts aimed at establishing the Centre Against Expulsions1 (ZgV) have been and will continue to be a source of controversy in Germany’s domestic policy, as well as in Polish–German and Czech–German relations. Steinbach has become a central figure in German inter-party conflicts and in disputes with the country’s immediate neighbours. In her efforts to gain more publicity for injustice and suffering in the German past she has resorted to controversial methods and has thus latched onto another stage in the historical debate on the consequences of World War II. This time it is related to and interpreted from the point of view of the German victims.

International relations.

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The Orange Revolution expressed the people’s hopes for, and the leaders’ pledge to carry out, reforms that would remedy the political, social and eco nomic situation in Ukraine after a decade of rule by Leonid Kuchma. The fifth anniversary of those mass protests against ballot rigging, and the final period of the presidency of Viktor Yushchenko, who then em bodied the hopes for a new start, is an appropriate time to construct a tentative assessment of the Orange Revolution’s achievements. How did the events of autumn 2004 change Ukraine? Have democratic mechanisms strengthened in Ukraine, and to what extent? Has the post- Soviet oligarchic state model been overcome? Has media freedom expanded? Has there been any progress with regard to economic transformation and has deeper integration with the European structures materialised? Five years on, what remains of the hopes of millions of Ukrainians and of the goodwill of the international community?

Ukraine --- History --- Politics and government --- Politics / Political Sciences --- Politics --- Social Sciences --- Civil Society --- Governance --- Sociology --- Government/Political systems --- International relations/trade --- Politics and society --- Sociology of Politics

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Prowadzona przez Ukrainę od uzyskania niepodległości polityka wielowektorowości, czyli manewrowania między Zachodem i Rosją bez angażowania się w projekty integracyjne którejkolwiek ze stron, miała też swój wymiar gospodarczy. Dla Kijowa jednakowo ważna, choć z różnych przyczyn, była wymiana handlowa z Rosją i innymi państwami poradzieckimi, Unią Europejską oraz resztą świata. Niechęć Ukrainy do podjęcia wiążących decyzji co do kierunku zacieśniania współpracy z Rosją bądź z UE wynikała w dużej mierze z obawy przed negatywnymi konsekwencjami takiego kroku dla stosunków gospodarczych z pozostałymi obszarami. Także ukraińscy oligarchowie, będący głównymi beneficjentami dochodów z eksportu, nie zajmowali wspólnego stanowiska wobec procesów integracyjnych w regionie, zadowalając się stanem zawieszenia, w którym znajdowała się Ukraina.

Ukraine --- Foreign economic relations. --- Commercial policy. --- Politics / Political Sciences --- Politics --- Social Sciences --- Economy --- National Economy --- Governance --- Sociology --- Economic policy --- International relations/trade --- Economic development --- Geopolitics