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The copper mines of Michigan's Copper Country, in the Upper Peninsula, were active for 150 years, from 1845 until 1995. Many of the mine workers attempted to unionize, in order to obtain better working conditions, wages, and hours. The Michigan miners were unsuccessful in their struggles with mine owners, which came to a climax in the 1913-14 Copper Country Strike. This nine-month battle between workers represented by the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) and the three major mining companies in the region took a particularly nasty turn on Christmas Eve, 1913, at a party for

Finnish Americans --- Immigrants --- Working class --- Labor unions --- History. --- Social life and customs. --- Social conditions. --- Työmies Publishing Company --- Hancock (Mich.) --- Ethnic relations.

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A mirror of great changes that were occurring on the national labor rights scene, the 1913-14 Michigan Copper Strike was a time of unprecedented social upheaval in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. With organized labor taking an aggressive stance against the excesses of unfettered capitalism, the stage was set for a major struggle between labor and management. The Michigan Copper Strike received national attention and garnered the support of luminaries in organized labor like Mother Jones, John Mitchell, Clarence Darrow, and Charles Moyer. The hope of victory was overshadowed, however, by

Working class --- Copper mines and mining --- Strikes and lockouts --- Italian Hall Disaster, Calumet, Mich., 1913. --- Copper Miners' Strike, Mich., 1913-1914. --- History --- Miners --- Calumet Region (Mich.) --- Economic conditions --- 1913 Massacre, Calumet, Mich., 1913 --- Calumet Massacre, Calumet, Mich., 1913 --- Disasters --- Combinations of labor --- Lockouts --- Work stoppages --- Direct action --- Labor disputes --- Strikebreakers --- Copper industry and trade --- Mines and mineral resources --- Commons (Social order) --- Labor and laboring classes --- Laboring class --- Labouring class --- Working classes --- Social classes --- Labor --- Copper mining --- Employment