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This study demonstrates the centrality of economic rationales to debates on Jews' status in Italy, Britain, France and Germany during the course of two centuries. It delineates the common themes that informed these debates - the ideal republic and the 'ancient constitution', the conflict between virtue and commerce, and the notion of useful and productive labor. It thus provides an overview of the political-economic dimensions of Jewish emancipation literature of this period. This overview is viewed against the backdrop of broader controversies within European society over the effects of commerce on inherited political values and institutions. By focusing on economic attitudes toward Jews, the book also illuminates European intellectual approaches toward economic modernity. By elucidating these general debates, it renders more contemporary Jewish economic self-conceptions - and the enormous impetus that Jewish reformist movements placed on the Jews' economic and occupational transformation - fully explicable.

Jewish religion --- History of Europe --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1700-1799 --- anno 1800-1899 --- Jews --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- Commerce. --- Economic conditions. --- Europe --- Commerce --- History. --- Arts and Humanities --- Religion

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The wide-ranging portrayal of modern Jewishness in artistic terms invites scrutiny into the relationship between creativity and the formation of Jewish identity and into the complex issue of what makes a work of art uniquely Jewish. Whether it is the provenance of the artist, as in the case of popular Israeli singer Zehava Ben, the intention of the iconography, as in Ben Shahn's antifascist paintings, or the utopian ideals of the Jewish Palestine Pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair, clearly no single formula for defining Jewish art in the diaspora will suffice.The Art of Being Jewish in Modern Times is the first work to analyze modern Jewry's engagement with the arts as a whole, including music, theater, dance, film, museums, architecture, painting, sculpture, and more. Working with a broad conception of what counts as art, the book asks the following questions: What roles have commerce and politics played in shaping Jewish artistic agendas? Who determines the Jewishness of art and for what purposes? What role has aesthetics played in reshaping religious traditions and rituals? This richly illustrated volume illuminates how the arts have helped Jews confront the various challenges of modernity, including cultural adaptation and self-preservation, economic diversification, and ritual transformation. There truly is an art to being Jewish in the modern world-or, alternatively, an art to being modern in the Jewish world-and this collection fully captures its range, diversity, and historical significance.

Jewish arts --- Jews --- Arts, Jewish --- Arts --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- Identity --- Jewish Studies. --- Religion.

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This guide is a chronicle of the graduate school years that describe the intellectual and emotional experience of obtaining a Ph.D. in a scientific field. Readers will learn what to expect, how to prepare for oral exams and dissertation writing, reap the long-term benefits and acquire strategies for survival and success.

Science --- Biology --- Doctor of philosophy degree. --- Graduate students. --- Study and teaching (Graduate)

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World history --- Jewish religion --- Antiquity --- 933 --- 296 <031> --- 933 Geschiedenis van Palestina en het Joodse volk --- Geschiedenis van Palestina en het Joodse volk --- Judaïsme. Jodendom--Encyclopedieën. Lexica --- 296 <031> Judaisme--Encyclopedieën. Lexica --- 296 <031> Judaïsme. Jodendom--Encyclopedieën. Lexica --- Judaisme--Encyclopedieën. Lexica --- Judaism --- History --- Judaïsme --- Histoire --- Jews --- History. --- Judaism - History