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In recent years, plants have been increasingly explored for production of biomedicines and vaccine components. The two main advantages of plant systems are low cost and a greater potential for scalability as compared to microbial or animal systems. An additional advantage from the public health point of view is high safety compared to animal systems, which is important for vaccine production: there are no known plant pathogens capable of replicating in animals, and in humans in particular. A particular antigen or a protein has to be expressed in a plant using one of many available platforms; this antigen/protein subsequently needs to be purified or processed, and later formulated into a vaccine or a therapeutic; these need to be delivered to a human or animal body via an appropriate route. Naturally, all these vaccines and therapeutics must be subjected to regulatory approvals prior to their use. Thus, the challenge is to adapt plant-based platforms for production of cost-efficient biomedicals that can be approved by FDA for use as vaccine components or therapeutics which will be competitive against existing vaccines and drugs. Production of vaccine components and other biomedicals in plants has a great potential in medicine and veterinary science.

Microbial biotechnology. --- Plant biotechnology. --- Protein engineering. --- Vaccines -- Biotechnology. --- Vaccines --- Plant biotechnology --- Microbial biotechnology --- Protein engineering --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Technology --- Eukaryota --- Biological Products --- Organisms --- Complex Mixtures --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Technology, Industry, and Agriculture --- Technology, Industry, Agriculture --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Biotechnology --- Plants --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Biomedical Engineering --- Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology --- Biotechnology. --- Engineering, Protein --- Protein design --- Proteins --- Microorganisms --- Crop biotechnology --- Crops --- Vaccine biotechnology --- Design --- Medicine. --- Medical microbiology. --- Pharmacology. --- Virology. --- Biomedicine. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Microbiology --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Medical sciences --- Chemicals --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Physiological effect --- Biochemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Industrial microbiology --- Biotechnological microorganisms --- Agricultural biotechnology --- Toxicology. --- Medical virology. --- Microbiology. --- Medical microbiology --- Virology --- Virus diseases --- Medicine --- Pharmacology --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Toxicology

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Potato virus Y (PVY) infects a wide host range mainly within the Solanaceae and is distributed worldwide. PVY is transmitted by more than 40 aphid species in a non persistent manner. Isolates of the PVY species are highly variable at biological, serological and molecular levels. Epidemiological studies have highlighted the emergence of distinct potato PVY variants able to induce necroses on potato tubers. Due to the lack of efficient resistance to PVY isolates inducing necrotic symptoms in cultivated varieties and the plant-to-plant transmission of isolates through the daughter tubers, PVY has become the most economically important virus for the potato industry. The review offers an overview of several decades of research on PVY but also focuses on the latest data obtained by expert on PVY worldwide on the biological characteristics of PVY, interactions between aphids-hosts, its evolution and management. Identified knowledge gaps to understand further PVY biology will be discussed.

Virus diseases. --- Potato virus Y. --- Potato potyvirus Y --- Potato severe mosaic virus --- Potato Y potyvirus --- PVY (Plant virus) --- Viral diseases --- Viral infections --- Virus infections --- Life sciences. --- Virology. --- Agriculture. --- Plant pathology. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Pathology. --- Communicable diseases --- Medical virology --- Pathogenic viruses --- Potyviruses --- Plant diseases. --- Medical virology. --- Medical microbiology --- Virology --- Virus diseases --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Botany --- Communicable diseases in plants --- Crop diseases --- Crops --- Diseases of plants --- Microbial diseases in plants --- Pathological botany --- Pathology, Vegetable --- Phytopathology --- Plant pathology --- Plants --- Vegetable pathology --- Agricultural pests --- Crop losses --- Diseased plants --- Phytopathogenic microorganisms --- Plant pathologists --- Plant quarantine --- Pathology --- Diseases and pests --- Diseases --- Wounds and injuries --- Microbiology

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Pharmacology. Therapy --- Medical microbiology, virology, parasitology --- medische microbiologie --- farmacie --- farmacologie --- virologie --- toxicologie --- vaccinatie