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519.83 --- 519.86 --- Theory of games --- Theory of economic-mathematical models --- 519.86 Theory of economic-mathematical models --- 519.83 Theory of games --- Coalitions --- Game theory --- Small groups --- Groups, Small --- Social groups --- Games, Theory of --- Mathematical models --- Mathematics --- Coalition (Social sciences)

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This report describes an approach to high-level decision support for a Joint Forces Air Component Commander in combat operations or a Chief of Staff in defense planning. Its central theme is the fundamental importance of dealing effectively with uncertainty, whether in effects-based operations, building the Air Force's Commander's Predictive Environment, or planning future forces with the methods of capabilities-based planning. Because many features of the future cannot be predicted with reasonable confidence, it is better to proceed with the expectation of surprise developments and to have skill in recognizing adaptations and making them than it is to treat uncertainty merely as an annoyance. This report sketches the framework of a high-level decision-support environment that is top-down, expresses concepts in simple and intuitive language, deals explicitly with risk and uncertainty, and provides the capability for decisionmakers to readily discover and question the bases for key assumptions and assessments. It can accommodate both "rational-analytic" and "naturalistic" decisionmakers, allowing them to produce strategies that are flexible, adaptive, and robust (FAR). Two explicit methods and their related tools are described. The first involves portfolio-style thinking and analysis, a good mechanism for balancing risks and other considerations in choosing a course of action. The second is a novel modification of foresight exercises that addresses the need to include humans effectively in dealing with uncertainty. A more extensive discussion of available methods and enabling technologies is also presented, along with some recommendations about investment priorities.

Command of troops. --- Decision making --- Military planning --- Methodology. --- Decision making.

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The authors' objective in this study was to establish panel procedures for revising the Medicare Resource-Based Relative Value Scale (RBRVS). They conducted four pilot panels, composed of 46 physicians from different specialties (including primary care), to rate total physician work. One panel examined 80 urological services, another examined 80 ophthalmological services, and the last two considered the merit of appeals from five specialty and subspecialty societies to 68 and 48 services, respectively. All ratings were relative to a multispecialty reference set of established values. Measures included physicians' preliminary and final ratings and detailed notes of the group discussions conducted between the ratings. Results indicate that a panel process for refining RVWs is practical and reasonable, provided that panelists are provided with a valid reference set for comparison purposes and provided that care is taken that all members feel comfortable engaging in the discussion.

Medical fees --- Physicians --- United States. --- Salaries, etc.

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Regionalism --- Decentralization in government --- Government - Non-U.S. --- Law, Politics & Government --- Government - Europe --- Centralization in government --- Devolution in government --- Government centralization --- Government decentralization --- Government devolution --- Political science --- Central-local government relations --- Federal government --- Local government --- Public administration --- Human geography --- Nationalism --- Interregionalism --- Simulation methods --- Portugal --- Administrative and political divisions --- Simulation methods. --- al-Burtughāl --- al-Jumhūrīyah al-Burtughālīyah --- Burtughāl --- Jumhūrī-i Purtughāl --- Jumhūrīyah al-Burtughālīyah --- Lusitania (Portugal) --- Portekiz --- Portekiz Cumhuriyeti --- Portogalia --- Portogallo --- Portugál Köztársaság --- Portugali --- Portugalia --- Portugalii︠a︡ --- Portugalská republika --- Portugalʹskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Portugalsko --- Portugiesische Republik --- Portuguese Republic --- Porutogaru --- Porutogaru Kyōwakoku --- P'orŭt'ugal --- P'orŭt'ugal Konghwaguk --- Purtughāl --- Putaoya --- Putaoya Gongheguo --- Repubblica Portoghese --- Republica Portugheză --- República Portuguesa --- Republika Portugalska --- République portugaise --- Sefarad --- Португальская Республика --- Португалия --- פורטוגל --- البرتغال --- الجمهورية البرتغالية --- برتغال --- جمهوري پرتغال --- جمهورية البرتغالية --- پرتغال --- ポルトガル --- ポルトガル共和国 --- 葡萄牙 --- 葡萄牙共和国 --- 포르투갈 --- 포르투갈공화국

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Based on observations of Army Group, corps, and division command posts in action over 12 different exercises and on interviews with a variety of military experts (including doctrine writers and former commanders), this report discusses the information needs of commanders of higher-echelon Army units. The authors attempted to determine the reasons commanders and staff communicated information and to clarify the intended uses of that information. They identified three different modes of command-post-level communication--pipeline, alarm, and tree. Each mode is indicative of a different communication relationship between a commander and his staff, and each places different demands on the command-and-control operating system. To fulfill commanders' information needs, the authors recommend a number of education and training measures: (1) institutionalize back-briefing, (2) teach process as well as procedures, and (3) train unit command staffs to share images. As for the design of information systems, they recommend that the Army (1) identify means of more direct image sharing, (2) build a hybrid information system, and (3) establish an end-user to end-user communications orientation. Originally written in 1989, the information remains timely and useful; new edition includes a foreword by General Gordon Sullivan (USA-Ret.)

Command and control systems. --- United States. --- Information resources.