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King John of England’s defeat by the French in 1204 led to the territorial fragmentation of the Duchy of Normandy. Henceforth, the Norman mainland, allied to France, and the Channel Islands, allied to England, would find themselves on different sides of an ever-widening linguistic gulf. In Variation and Change in Mainland and Insular Norman , Mari C. Jones examines the way in which contact between the Norman dialect and its two typologically different superstrates (French and English) provides optimal conditions to study the linguistic mechanisms of ‘dialect contact’ and ‘language contact’. Through the analysis of extensive and original phonological, morphosyntactic and lexical data, set in their historical and sociolinguistic contexts, this fascinating study explores how advergence with its superstrates has led Norman to diverge linguistically within these territories.

French language --- Anglo-Norman dialect --- Anglo-French dialect --- Anglo-Norman French dialect --- Law French --- Norman-French dialect --- Langue d'oïl --- Romance languages --- Variation. --- Dialects --- Channel Islands --- Normandy --- Languages.

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Language policy issues are imbued with a powerful symbolism that is often linked to questions of identity, with the suppression or failure to recognise and support a given endangered variety representing a refusal to grant a 'voice' to the corresponding ethno-cultural community. This wide-ranging volume, which explores linguistic scenarios from across five continents, seeks to ignite the debate as to how and whether the interface between people, politics and language can affect the fortunes of endangered varieties. With chapters written by academics working in the field of language endangerment and members of indigenous communities on the frontline of language support and maintenance, Policy and Planning for Endangered Languages is essential reading for researchers and students of language death, sociolinguistics and applied linguistics, as well as community members involved in native language maintenance.

Endangered languages. --- Language obsolescence. --- Language planning. --- Language policy. --- Language maintenance. --- Language and culture. --- Culture and language --- Culture --- Language and languages --- Language loyalty --- Maintenance of language --- Sociolinguistics --- Glottopolitics --- Institutional linguistics --- Language and state --- Languages, National --- Languages, Official --- National languages --- Official languages --- State and language --- Communication policy --- Language planning --- Planned language change --- Language death --- Obsolescence of languages --- Historical linguistics --- Endangered languages --- Extinct languages --- At-risk languages --- Disappearing languages --- Dying languages --- Fading languages --- Nearly extinct languages --- Threatened languages --- Vanishing languages --- Language obsolescence --- Maintenance --- Government policy --- Planning --- Obsolescence --- Sociolinguistics.

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Sociolinguistics --- Psycholinguistics --- Linguistics

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Creating an orthography is often seen as a key component of language revitalisation. Encoding an endangered variety can enhance its status and prestige. In speech communities that are fragmented dialectally or geographically, a common writing system may help create a sense of unified identity, or help keep a language alive by facilitating teaching and learning. Despite clear advantages, creating an orthography for an endangered language can also bring challenges, and this volume debates the following critical questions: whose task should this be - that of the linguist or the speech community? Should an orthography be maximally distanciated from that of the language of wider communication for ideological reasons, or should its main principles coincide for reasons of learnability? Which local variety should be selected as the basis of a common script? Is a multilectal script preferable to a standardised orthography? And can creating an orthography create problems for existing native speakers?

Endangered languages --- LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES --- Language and languages --- Language revival --- Orthography and spelling. --- Linguistics --- Historical & Comparative. --- Social aspects. --- Orthography --- Spelling --- Writing --- Language renewal --- Language revitalization --- Renewal, Language --- Restoration of languages --- Revitalization, Language --- Revival of languages --- Sociolinguistics --- At-risk languages --- Disappearing languages --- Dying languages --- Fading languages --- Nearly extinct languages --- Threatened languages --- Vanishing languages --- Language obsolescence --- Spelling reform --- Restoration --- Revival

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Many of the world's languages have diminishing numbers of speakers and are in danger of falling silent. Around the globe, a large body of linguists are collaborating with members of indigenous communities to keep these languages alive. Mindful that their work will be used by future speech communities to learn, teach and revitalise their languages, scholars face new challenges in the way they gather materials and in the way they present their findings. This volume discusses current efforts to record, collect and archive endangered languages in traditional and new media that will support future language learners and speakers. Chapters are written by academics working in the field of language endangerment and also by indigenous people working 'at the coalface' of language support and maintenance. Keeping Languages Alive is a must-read for researchers in language documentation, language typology and linguistic anthropology.

Endangered languages. --- Language obsolescence. --- Language maintenance. --- Typology (Linguistics) --- Anthropological linguistics. --- Anthropo-linguistics --- Ethnolinguistics --- Language and ethnicity --- Linguistic anthropology --- Linguistics and anthropology --- Anthropology --- Language and culture --- Linguistics --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Language and languages --- Linguistic typology --- Linguistic universals --- Language loyalty --- Maintenance of language --- Sociolinguistics --- Language death --- Obsolescence of languages --- Historical linguistics --- Endangered languages --- Extinct languages --- At-risk languages --- Disappearing languages --- Dying languages --- Fading languages --- Nearly extinct languages --- Threatened languages --- Vanishing languages --- Language obsolescence --- Typology --- Classification --- Maintenance --- Obsolescence --- Arts and Humanities --- Language & Linguistics