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Gig economy. --- Gig economy --- Unskilled labor. --- Unskilled labor --- History. --- Beveridge, William Henry Beveridge,

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Referential expressions include terms such as determiners, proper names, noun phrases, pronouns, and all other expressions that we use to make reference to things, beings, or events. The first of its kind, this book presents a detailed, integrated account of typical and atypical uses of referential expressions, combining insights from discourse, cognitive, and psycholinguistic literature within a functional model of language. It first establishes a foundation for reference, including an overview of key influences in the study of reference, the debates surrounding (in)definiteness, and a functional description of referring expressions. It then draws on a variety of approaches to provide a comprehensive explanation of atypical uses, including referring in an uncollaborative context, indefinite expressions used for definite reference, reference by and for children, and finally metonymic reference with a special focus on metonymy in medical contexts. Comprehensive in scope, it is essential reading for academic researchers in syntax, discourse analysis, and cognitive linguistics.

Reference (Linguistics) --- Signification (Linguistics) --- Linguistics --- Onomasiology --- Semantics

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This volume uses qualitative longitudinal data, from repeat interviews with people subject to compulsion and sanction in their everyday lives, to analyse the effectiveness and ethicality of welfare conditionality in promoting and sustaining behaviour change in the UK.

Welfare recipients. --- Public welfare --- Public welfare. --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Benevolent institutions --- Poor relief --- Public assistance --- Public charities --- Public relief --- Public welfare reform --- Relief (Aid) --- Social welfare --- Welfare (Public assistance) --- Welfare reform --- Human services --- Social service --- Public welfare recipients --- Poor --- Government policy --- Employment re-entry --- Government policy. --- Society. --- Social services & welfare, criminology.

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Social security law

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Scorzonera is a genus of perennial herbs and dwarf subshrubs widespread in the temperate and subtropical regions of Eurasia and N Africa. It comprises in its common wide sense some 180–190 species and is the largest and name-giving genus of the subtribe Scorzonerinae of the chicory tribe in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). Its circumscription has long been the subject of debate and available molecular phylogenetic analyses affirmed the polyphyly of Scorzonera in its wide sense. This paper presents a re-evaluation of Scorzonera and its related genera, based on carpological (including anatomical) and molecular phylogenetic analyses of a comprehensive sampling, for the first time spanning the entire subtribe and all major groups. Confirming the polyphyly of Scorzonera, this paper offers a revised classification of the subtribe, which recognises seven genera in accordance with the phylogenetic lineages resolved: Gelasia, Lipschitzia gen. nov., Pseudopodospermum, Pterachaenia, Ramaliella gen. nov., Scorzonera and Takhtajaniantha. A key to the revised genera and a characterisation of the genera and major clades are provided.

Perennials.