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Public systems of higher education worldwide are caught between increasing public and private demand for their products, rising per-student costs, and flat or even declining governmental revenues. Thus, the fundamental condition of higher education, especially in the low and middle income countries, is dominated by the radically diverging trajectories of higher education costs and available governmental revenues, underscoring the worldwide search for other-than-governmental revenue sources for higher education. This is the higher educational austerity rationale for cost-sharing—which term reflects both the simple fact that the underlying costs of higher education are shared by governments (or taxpayers), parents, students, and philanthropists, as well as a description of a worldwide policy trend of these costs being increasingly shifted from governments to parents and students. The underlying theory of cost-sharing as well as the description of its worldwide reach were developed from 1986 through 2006 mainly by the works of Johnstone and his Ford Foundation financed International Higher Education Finance and Accessibility Project at the State University of New York at Buffalo. The principal papers from this project are reproduced in this volume. They examine the worldwide shift in the burden of higher education costs from governments and taxpayers to parents and students, and the policies of grants, loans and other governmental interventions designed to maintain higher educational accessibility in the face of this shift.

Education, Higher --- Finance.

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Education, Higher --- Finance --- Case studies --- Congresses

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Higher education finances lie at the crossroads in many Western countries. On the one hand, the surging demand of the past three or four decades, driven by a belief in higher education as a principal engine of social and economic advancement, has led to dramatic growth of the higher education systems in these countries. On the other hand, this growth in demand was accompanied by rapidly increasing per-student cost pressures at a time when governments seemed increasingly unable to keep pace with these cost pressures through public revenues. Hence, worldwide, the most common approach to the need for increasing revenue was to use some form or forms of cost sharing, or the shift of some of the higher educational per-student costs from governments and taxpayers to parents and students. This raises several important challenges to higher education systems. First, there is the political and social controversy associated with most forms of cost-sharing, particularly with tuition fees. Secondly, there are important issues in terms of the broad context of social policy, such as the role of families and students and the relationship that the state establishes with each of them. Third, there is the comparison of alternative instruments of cost-sharing and the direct and indirect effects of each of them, notably in terms of educational equality. Overall, underlying cost-sharing debates are fundamental questions about social choice, individual opportunities, and the role of government in society.

Education, Higher --- Higher education and state. --- Finance. --- Aims and objectives. --- Education. --- International education. --- Comparative education. --- School management and organization. --- School administration. --- Educational policy. --- Education and state. --- Higher education. --- Public finance. --- Administration, Organization and Leadership. --- Higher Education. --- Educational Policy and Politics. --- International and Comparative Education. --- Public Economics. --- Education --- Education policy --- Educational policy --- State and education --- Social policy --- Endowment of research --- Cameralistics --- Public finance --- Currency question --- College students --- Higher education --- Postsecondary education --- Universities and colleges --- Educational administration --- Inspection of schools --- School administration --- School inspection --- School operation policies --- School organization --- Schools --- Educational planning --- Management --- Education, Comparative --- Global education --- Intellectual cooperation --- Internationalism --- Children --- Education, Primitive --- Education of children --- Human resource development --- Instruction --- Pedagogy --- Schooling --- Students --- Youth --- Civilization --- Learning and scholarship --- Mental discipline --- Teaching --- Training --- Government policy --- Inspection --- Management and organization --- History --- State and higher education --- Education and state --- Higher education and state --- #SBIB:316.334.1O212 --- #SBIB:35H433 --- 378 --- 378 Hoger onderwijs. Universitair onderwijs --(algemeen) --- Hoger onderwijs. Universitair onderwijs --(algemeen) --- Aims and objectives --- Finance --- Onderwijsbeleid: nationaal --- Beleidssectoren: onderwijs- en onderzoeksbeleid --- Education, Higher. --- Public finances --- International education . --- Administration, Educational --- Operation policies, School --- Policies, School operation --- Organization --- Cost sharing --- Accessibility

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Public finance --- Public economics --- School management --- Higher education --- Educational sciences --- Business management --- HO (hoger onderwijs) --- vergelijkende pedagogiek --- onderwijspolitiek --- leidinggeven --- overheidsfinanciën --- administratie