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The population of the European Community will fall by 2% by the year 2025. Between 1960 and 1990, it grew by 17%. This contrast reflects the dramatic growth of the population of pensioners in the total population, and also the rapid ageing of the Community's working population. In this volume, based on a CEPR conference held in Munich in April 1992, leading economists in the field assess demographic and labour market developments in Western and Eastern Europe. They compare them with developments in the USA and Japan, and assess the effects of ageing on European productivity, earnings and human capital formation. Policies to improve the quantity and quality of the labour force are considered, including incentives for female labour participation, selective immigration policies, 'pronatalist' family policies, and improved human capital formation.
Labour market --- Europe --- Age and employment --- Older people --- Employment forecasting --- Labor market --- Middle aged persons --- Population forecasting --- Youth --- Age et travail --- Personnes âgées --- Emploi --- Marché du travail --- Personnes d'âge moyen --- Population --- Jeunesse --- Congresses --- Employment --- Congrès --- Travail --- Prévision --- Middle-aged persons --- marche du travail --- politique de l'emploi --- europe --- EUR / Europe - Europa --- 332.691 --- 311.94 --- 332.622.1 --- NBB congres --- -Middle aged persons --- -Aged --- -Youth --- -Labor market --- -Employment forecasting --- -Population forecasting --- -331.398094 --- Forecasting, Population --- Population projection --- Population projections --- Projection, Population --- Projections, Population --- Social prediction --- Forecasting, Employment --- Labor supply --- Economic forecasting --- Employees --- Market, Labor --- Supply and demand for labor --- Markets --- Young people --- Young persons --- Youngsters --- Youths --- Age groups --- Life cycle, Human --- Aged --- Aging people --- Elderly people --- Old people --- Older adults --- Older persons --- Senior citizens --- Seniors (Older people) --- Persons --- Gerontocracy --- Gerontology --- Old age --- Adults, Midlife --- Midlife adults --- Midlife persons --- Persons at midlife --- Employment and age --- Employment (Economic theory) --- Ability, Influence of age on --- Child labor --- Post-retirement employment --- arbeidsmarkt --- werkgelegenheidsbeleid --- europa --- Evolutie van de arbeidsmarkt. --- Verdeling van de bevolking naar leeftijd. Veroudering van de bevolking. --- Werkloosheid volgens leeftijd. Jeugdwerkloosheid. Werkloosheid van oudere werknemers. --- -Congresses --- Forecasting --- Supply and demand --- Personnes âgées --- Marché du travail --- Personnes d'âge moyen --- Congrès --- Prévision --- Congresses. --- 331.398094 --- Verdeling van de bevolking naar leeftijd. Veroudering van de bevolking --- Werkloosheid volgens leeftijd. Jeugdwerkloosheid. Werkloosheid van oudere werknemers --- Evolutie van de arbeidsmarkt --- Business, Economy and Management --- Economics --- Age and employment - Europe - Congresses. --- Middle-aged persons - Employment - Europe - Congresses. --- Older people - Employment - Europe - Congresses. --- Youth - Employment - Europe - Congresses. --- Labor market - Europe - Congresses. --- Employment forecasting - Europe - Congresses. --- Population forecasting - Europe - Congresses.
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Rock mechanics. --- Elasticity. --- Nonlinear mechanics. --- Fracture mechanics. --- Elasticity --- Fracture mechanics --- Nonlinear mechanics --- Rock mechanics --- 539.3 --- 539.3 Elasticity. Deformation. Mechanics of elastic solids --- Elasticity. Deformation. Mechanics of elastic solids --- Geotechnical engineering --- Mechanics --- Mechanics, Nonlinear --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Failure of solids --- Fracture of materials --- Fracture of solids --- Materials --- Mechanics, Fracture --- Solids --- Deformations (Mechanics) --- Strength of materials --- Brittleness --- Penetration mechanics --- Structural failures --- Elastic properties --- Young's modulus --- Mathematical physics --- Matter --- Statics --- Rheology --- Strains and stresses --- Fracture --- Fatigue --- Properties --- Mécanique non linéaire --- Rupture, Mécanique de la --- Mécanique non linéaire --- Rupture, Mécanique de la --- Élasticité --- Roches, mécanique des
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Intergenerational relations --- Old age pensions --- Social justice --- Relations entre générations --- Pensions de vieillesse --- Justice sociale --- Congresses --- Finance --- Congrès --- Finances --- -Old age pensions --- -Social justice --- -#A91J2 --- Equality --- Justice --- Employees --- OASI (Old age and survivors insurance) --- Old age and survivors insurance --- Older people --- Retirement pensions --- Survivors' benefits (Old age pensions) --- Pensions --- Intergenerational relationships --- Relations, Intergenerational --- Relationships, Intergenerational --- Interpersonal relations --- -Congresses --- Congresses. --- Relations entre générations --- Congrès --- #SBIB:316.8H40 --- Finance&delete& --- Sociaal beleid: social policy, sociale zekerheid, verzorgingsstaat --- #A91J2 --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Social policy and particular groups --- Great Britain --- Démographie --- Demography --- Économie du bien-être --- Old age pensions - Congresses --- Old age pensions - Finance - Congresses --- Intergenerational relations - Congresses --- Social justice - Congresses. --- Economie de la population --- Theorie de la repartition --- Transferts intergenerationnels --- Population --- Démographie --- Économie du bien-être
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This paper reexamines the ability of the Solow-type growth models to explain the pattern of cross-country growth rates. Recent authors, most notably Mankiw, Romer and Weil [1990], have argued that differences in national growth rates are compatible with the view that each country has access to a common, neoclassical aggregate production function. Such models imply that, conditional on population growth and savings rates, disparate economies are converging over time to the same level of per capita output. We argue that cross-country growth is better explained by a model of local versus global convergence. Countries converge locally in the sense that economies with similar initial conditions tend to converge to one another. However, we find little evidence of convergence across economies with substantially different initial conditions as measured by per capita output or literacy rates. Further, the impact of capital formation on aggregate output increases with the level of economic development. These results are consistent with models of multiple equilibria in long run behavior. Our results suggest that the Solow growth model should be supplemented with a theory of aggregate production function differences in order to fully explain international growth patterns.
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