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The cross stirs intense feelings among Christians as well as non-Christians. Robin Jensen takes readers on an intellectual and spiritual journey through the two-thousand-year evolution of the cross as an idea and an artifact, illuminating the controversies--along with the forms of devotion--this central symbol of Christianity inspires. Jesus's death on the cross posed a dilemma for Saint Paul and the early Church fathers. Crucifixion was a humiliating form of execution reserved for slaves and criminals. How could their messiah and savior have been subjected to such an ignominious death? Wrestling with this paradox, they reimagined the cross as a triumphant expression of Christ's sacrificial love and miraculous resurrection. Over time, the symbol's transformation raised myriad doctrinal questions, particularly about the crucifix--the cross with the figure of Christ--and whether it should emphasize Jesus's suffering or his glorification. How should Jesus's body be depicted: alive or dead, naked or dressed? Should it be shown at all? Jensen's wide-ranging study focuses on the cross in painting and literature, the quest for the "true cross" in Jerusalem, and the symbol's role in conflicts from the Crusades to wars of colonial conquest. The Cross also reveals how Jews and Muslims viewed the most sacred of all Christian emblems and explains its role in public life in the West today.--

Crosses --- Crosses in art. --- Holy Cross --- Holy Cross in art. --- Cross --- Feast of the Cross --- Calvaries --- Crucifixes --- Roods --- Signs and symbols --- Crucifixion --- History. --- crucifixes --- History of civilization --- art history --- iconography --- Iconography --- Crosses. --- Holy Cross. --- Croix dans l'art --- Sainte Croix dans l'art --- Crosses in art --- Holy Cross in art --- 247.6 --- 247.6 Kaarsen. Flabella. Kruisen. Mijter. Troon. Tiara --- Kaarsen. Flabella. Kruisen. Mijter. Troon. Tiara --- History --- Crosses - History --- Holy Cross - History --- Croix

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Baptism in art --- Baptism --- Christian art and symbolism --- Liturgy and art --- History

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Religious studies --- Sociology of religion

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The distinctions and similarities among Roman, Jewish, and Christian burials can provide evidence of social networks, family life, and, perhaps, religious sensibilities. Is the Roman development from columbaria to catacombs the result of evolving religious identities or simply a matter of a change in burial fashions? Do the material remains from Jewish burials evidence an adherence to ancient customs, or the adaptation of rituals from surrounding cultures? What Greco-Roman funerary images were taken over and "baptized" as Christian ones? The answers to these and other questions require that the material culture be viewed, whenever possible, in situ, through multiple disciplinary lenses and in light of ancient texts. Roman historians (John Bodel, Richard Saller, Andrew Wallace-Hadrill), archaeologists (Susan Stevens, Amy Hirschfeld), scholars of rabbinic period Judaism (Deborah Green), Christian history (Robin M. Jensen), and the New Testament (David Balch, Laurie Brink, O.P., Margaret M. Mitchell, Carolyn Osiek, R.S.C.J.) engaged in a research trip to Rome and Tunisia to investigate imperial period burials first hand. Commemorting the Dead is the result of a three year scholarly conversation on their findings.

Burial. --- Funeral rites and ceremonies, Ancient --- Funeral rites and ceremonies --- Jewish funeral rites and ceremonies --- Funeral service --- Sépulture --- Funérailles --- Service funèbre --- History --- Rites et cérémonies --- Histoire --- Rites et cérémonies juifs --- Funeral rites and ceremonies, Jewish. --- Jewish funeral rites and ceremonies. --- Funeral service. --- Burial service --- Service, Funeral --- Funeral rites and ceremonies, Jewish --- Funeral rites and ceremonies, Roman --- Funeral customs and rites --- Burial --- Jews --- Judaism --- Liturgies --- Worship programs --- Funerals --- Mortuary ceremonies --- Obsequies --- Manners and customs --- Rites and ceremonies --- Cremation --- Dead --- Mourning customs --- Burial customs --- Burying-grounds --- Graves --- Interment --- Archaeology --- Public health --- Coffins --- Grave digging --- Customs and practices --- Funeral rites and ceremonies. --- Cryomation --- Art (Early Christian, Jewish).

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Religious studies --- Sociology of religion