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This volume explores the universal mathematical properties underlying big language data and possible reasons why such properties exist, revealing how we may be unconsciously mathematical in our language use. These properties are statistical and thus different from linguistic universals that contribute to describing the variation of human languages, and they can only be identified over a large accumulation of usages. The book provides an overview of state-of-the art findings on these statistical universals and reconsiders the nature of language accordingly, with Zipf's law as a well-known example. The main focus of the book further lies in explaining the property of long memory, which was discovered and studied more recently by borrowing concepts from complex systems theory. The statistical universals not only possibly lie as the precursor of language system formation, but they also highlight the qualities of language that remain weak points in today's machine learning. In summary, this book provides an overview of language's global properties. It will be of interest to anyone engaged in fields related to language and computing or statistical analysis methods, with an emphasis on researchers and students in computational linguistics and natural language processing. While the book does apply mathematical concepts, all possible effort has been made to speak to a non-mathematical audience as well by communicating mathematical content intuitively, with concise examples taken from real texts.

Social sciences (general) --- Sociology --- Mathematics --- sociologie --- sociale wetenschappen --- wiskunde

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The definitive book on machiya showcasing their traditional appearance and recent transformation explained in bilingual text. From private residences to renovated properties operating as businesses, this book introduces everything you need to know about Machiya, also including never-before-seen cultural properties, with detailed and accessible commentary in bilingual text. Machiya are traditional wooden townhouses found throughout Japan and typified in the historical capital of Kyoto. Machiya in Kyoto have kept their traditional architectural form and community, creating a historic and traditional cultural atmosphere that attracts many tourist from all around the world. Machiya have become valuable cultural heritage, as many machiya have disappeared and have been replaced by modern houses. In this book readers can see and feel the ideas and wisdom of the people in Kyoto, who made full useof machiya design and the architectural characteristics of that optimize space and practicality, while keeping within the tradition. This book will not only be a perfect architectural reference book but also a great photography book to enjoy the delicate beauty of Japan.

Housing, Single family --- Maisons individuelles --- Kyoto (Japan) --- Kyoto (Japon) --- Social life and customs. --- Mœurs et coutumes --- Habitat - logement --- Mode de vie --- Japan --- Habitat - logement - Japon - Kyoto --- Japan - Kyoto

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Text entry has never been so important as it is today. This is in large part due to the phenomenal, relatively recent success of mobile computing, text messaging on mobile phones, and the proliferation of small devices like the Blackberry and Palm Pilot. Compared with the recent past, when text entry was primarily through the standard "qwerty? keyboard, people today use a diverse array of devices with the number and variety of such devices ever increasing. The variety is not just in the devices, but also in the technologies used: Entry modalities have become more varied and include

Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- Computers. --- Electronic data processing --- Human-computer interaction. --- Natural language processing (Computer science) --- Data entry.