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Transport is the fastest-growing energy sector world-wide. Every year increasing numbers of drivers at the wheels of ever larger vehicles burn more petroleum products and emit more carbon dioxide. The danger is clear. Nations around the world have taken up the challenge to reduce oil use and the CO2 that comes with it. This report examines the multiple policy approaches being taken by IEA Member countries to reduce transport-related carbon emissions. These include improving fuel economy in new cars and trucks, as well as reducing fuel consumption by vehicles already on the road. Also covered are the use of alternative fuel sources and ways to cut the growth in travel, such as by improving transit systems and using new technologies to reduce congestion. Energy-saving options in freight transport are also explored, such as making trucks and trucking systems more efficient and how to move more goods by rail and water-borne transport. More than twenty different approaches are developed, including some which have been neglected by most IEA countries. The study discusses the benefits and costs of each option, as well as obstacles it faces, and quantifies the effect of each option in reducing oil use and CO2 emissions. Success stories from IEA countries are presented, as well as some stories of failure.

#A0204A --- 540 Luchtverontreiniging --- Transportation --- Carbon dioxide --- Energy consumption --- Transport --- Gaz carbonique --- Energie --- Environmental aspects --- Aspect de l'environnement --- Consommation --- Transportation, Automotive --- Greenhouse gases --- GHGs (Greenhouse gases) --- Heat-trapping gases --- Gases --- Automotive transportation --- Highway transportation --- Motor carriers --- Motor transportation --- Road transportation --- Automobiles --- Social aspects

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Mitigating climate change will require profound changes in world energy production and use. While the full effects of climate change are not likely to be felt for decades, the need for action is more immediate, for changes in greenhouse gas concentrations are almost irreversible. Solutions exist in the form of energy efficiency improvements, fuel switching to non-carbon sources, and carbon recovery and storage. But the long-term costs of mitigation and the precise extent and pace of climate damage remain uncertain. So policy-makers face the task of conceiving and implementing measures in a context of uncertainty – and global inequity -, and run the risk of taking either excessive or insufficient action. This volume details the options available in the energy sector to reduce climate change. It explores the type of international agreement that could cope with the uncertainty inherent in implementing a climate program at the national and international level. It identifies mechanisms to deal with both international equity and economic uncertainty, and addresses the fundamental question: how can we proceed beyond Kyoto?

Climatic changes. --- Energy policy -- Environmental aspects. --- Environmental policy. --- Environmental policy --- Climatic changes --- Energy policy --- Energy development --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Environmental Sciences --- Environmental aspects --- Energy resources development --- Energy source development --- Power resources development --- Energy and state --- Power resources --- State and energy --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Environment and state --- Environmental control --- Environmental management --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- State and environment --- Government policy --- Industrial policy --- Energy conservation --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Environmental auditing --- Environmental aspects. --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Global environmental change --- Environnement --- Politique énergétique --- Energie --- Politique gouvernementale --- Aspect de l'environnement --- Développement

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In the absence of strong government policies, the IEA projects that the worldwide use of oil in transport will nearly double between 2000 and 2030, leading to a similar increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Bio fuels, such as ethanol, bio diesel, and other liquid and gaseous fuels, could offer an important alternative to petroleum over this timeframe and help reduce atmospheric pollution. This book looks at recent trends in bio fuel production and considers what the future might hold if such alternatives were to displace petroleum in transport.

Biomass energy. --- Chemistry, Technical. --- Waste products as fuel. --- Biomass energy --- Waste products as fuel --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Chemical Engineering --- Energy recovery from waste --- Organic waste as fuel --- Waste as fuel --- Bio-energy (Biomass energy) --- Bioenergy (Biomass energy) --- Biofuels --- Biological fuels --- Energy, Biomass --- Microbial energy conversion --- Fuel --- Refuse as fuel --- Energy conversion --- Energy crops --- Microbial fuel cells --- Biomass as fuel --- Renewable fuels --- Renewable energy sources --- Bioénergie --- Déchets (Combustible)

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The International Energy Agency's 2000 review of Sweden's energy policies and programmes. It finds that Sweden is phasing out nuclear power that currently generates about half its electricity. One reactor was closed in 1999 and a second may be closed in 2001, if certain criteria are met. Renewables and improved efficiency in the use of energy are considered to be the only alternatives: natural gas and coal are rejected on environmental grounds; and new hydro capacity is limited by Parliament. This report looks at the feasibility of Sweden’s plans. Two overriding concerns are evident in Swedish policy: to keep down electricity prices to maintain industrial competitiveness and economic growth, and to achieve Sweden’s target for greenhouse gas emissions. Energy taxation has been designed to support both objectives. The competitive Nordic electricity market has been important in maintaining low electricity prices. Sweden’s per capita carbon dioxide emissions are among the lowest of all OECD countries, largely because of reliance on nuclear and hydro-electric power. The potential contribution of natural gas to balancing economic and environmental objectives in the Swedish context should not be dismissed. Energy efficiency improvements will have to be large and sustained to justify closure of nuclear capacity – possibly larger than recent trends suggest may be achieved. In addition to these long-term issues, the Swedish electricity supply industry faces the need to adapt the regulatory and institutional framework to an increasingly open electricity market, and to integrate environmental objectives within this framework.

Energy conservation -- Sweden -- Periodicals. --- Energy policy -- Sweden -- Periodicals. --- Power resources -- Sweden -- Periodicals. --- Energy policy --- Energy and state --- Power resources --- State and energy --- Industrial policy --- Energy conservation --- Government policy --- Sweden

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This volume contains data for 2008 and 2009 on energy supply and consumption in original units for coal, oil, natural gas, electricity, heat, renewables and waste for over 100 non-OECD countries. Historical tables summarise data on production, trade, final consumption and oil demand by product. These tables also include preliminary estimates of 2010 production (and trade when available) for natural gas, primary coal and oil. The book also includes definitions of products and flows and explanatory notes on the individual country data and sources. In the 2011 edition of Energy Balances of Non-O

Energy consumption -- Developing countries -- Statistics -- Periodicals. --- Energy development -- Developing countries -- Statistics -- Periodicals. --- Energy industries -- Developing countries -- Statistics -- Periodicals. --- Business & Economics --- Industries --- Energy industries --- Energy development --- Energy consumption --- Consumption of energy --- Energy efficiency --- Fuel consumption --- Fuel efficiency --- Energy resources development --- Energy source development --- Power resources development --- Power resources --- Energy conservation