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The changing political landscape in the Arab world has created opportunities for economic transformation by tackling long-standing economic issues. Nevertheless, three years after the onset of political transition, implementing necessary economic policies has proven to be challenging. This paper lays out key elements of economic policy reform for Arab countries in transition.
.Economic development --- Fiscal policy --- Monetary policy --- Foreign exchange rates --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Exchange rates --- Fixed exchange rates --- Flexible exchange rates --- Floating exchange rates --- Fluctuating exchange rates --- Foreign exchange --- Rates of exchange --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Finance, Public --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Rates --- Government policy --- Arab countries --- Economic policy. --- E-books --- Banks and Banking --- Foreign Exchange --- Public Finance --- Labor --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Fiscal Policy --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs --- Public finance & taxation --- Currency --- Banking --- Macroeconomics --- Labour --- income economics --- Revenue administration --- Expenditure --- Exchange rate flexibility --- Exchange rate arrangements --- Banks and banking --- Revenue --- Expenditures, Public --- Economic theory --- Morocco --- Income economics
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Asia has made significant progress in financial inclusion, but both its across-country and intra-country disparities are among the highest in the world. The gaps between the rich and the poor, rural and urban populations, and men and women remain deep. Income is the main determinant of the level of financial inclusion; but other factors, such as geography, financial sector structure, and policies, also play important roles. While some countries in the Asia-Pacific region are leaders in fintech, on average the region lags behind others in several important areas such as online (internet) purchases, electronic payments, mobile money, and mobile government transfers. This Departmental Paper aims to take stock of the development and current state of financial inclusion and shed light on policies to advance financial inclusion in the region. The research focuses on the impact of financial inclusion on economic growth, poverty reduction, and inequality, linkages between financial inclusion and macroeconomic policies, as well as structural policies that are important for improving financial inclusion. Given the increasing importance of financial technologies (fintech), the paper also provides a snapshot of the fintech landscape in the Asia-Pacific.
Financial institutions --- Financial services industry --- Poor --- Income distribution --- Pacific area --- Business & economics --- Social science --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Banks and banking, Mobile --- Computer applications in industry & technology --- Finance --- Finance: General --- Financial inclusion --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Financial markets --- Financial services --- Fintech --- Government and the Monetary System --- Income inequality --- Industries: Financial Services --- Macroeconomics --- Mobile banking --- Monetary Systems --- National accounts --- Payment Systems --- Regimes --- Standards --- Technological innovations --- Technology --- India
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