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What motivated the early Islamic conquests ? Did the Arabs fight for Allah, or for wealth and dominance ? Were the conquerors principally Arabs, or specifically Muslims ? Were the Muslim believers motivated by religious zeal to proclaim Islam to the non-Muslims ? Consequently, was Islam spread by the sword ? This is a question that has crucial implications today.The Stated Motivations for the Early Islamic Expansion (622–641) extensively analyzes the earliest Arabic Muslim sources to answer these and other questions. It relies on over 400 works, including primary sources written by more than 90 medieval Muslim authors, Sunni, Shiite, Sufi, and Mu’tazilite. It explores how medieval Muslim writers represented the early Arab leaders, and how much we can trust their reports. It concludes with an examination of the Qur’ān’s commands regarding fighting and armed jihad, and questions what later commentators suggest about fighting the non-Muslims, specifically how radical Muslim interpretations match or violate Islam’s sacred scripture.This is the first scholarly analysis to focus on the stated motivations for the early Islamic expansion in the first two decades of Islam. It is a valuable resource for courses on Muslim history, introduction to Islam, Islamic origins and texts, classical and modern Islamic thought, Muhammad’s biography, Islamic Caliphates, Muslim-Christian relations, Jews in the Muslim world, Middle Eastern history, and world history. In the age of ISIS, Qaeda, and Boko Haram, this book reflects on how historiographical accounts can inform today’s multi-cultural and multi-religious societies on complex relations, mutual respect, and religious coexistence

Islam --- Jihad --- History --- Muḥammad, --- Military leadership. --- Islamic Empire --- History, Military. --- 297 <09> --- Holy war (Islam) --- Islamic holy war --- Jahad --- Jehad --- Muslim holy war --- War (Islamic law) --- Mohammedanism --- Muhammadanism --- Muslimism --- Mussulmanism --- Religions --- Muslims --- 297 <09> Islamisme. Mahométisme--Geschiedenis van ... --- 297 <09> Islam. Mohammedanisme--Geschiedenis van ... --- Islamisme. Mahométisme--Geschiedenis van ... --- Islam. Mohammedanisme--Geschiedenis van ... --- Islam. Mohammedanisme--Geschiedenis van .. --- Mahomed, --- Maḥmūd, --- Mahomet, --- Mohammed, --- Magomet, --- Mu-han-mo-te, --- Nabi Muhammad, --- Mukhammed, --- Maometto, --- Mahometto, --- Mohammad, --- Mahoma, --- Muḥamad, --- מוחמד --- מוחמד, --- ، محمد --- النبي محمد --- محمد --- محمد الرسول --- محمد النبي --- محمد، نبي --- محمد، پيامبر --- محمد، --- محمدو --- محمد, --- محمد. --- ممحمد، --- محمد الرسول, --- محمد النبي, --- Islam. Mohammedanisme--Geschiedenis van . --- Islam. Mohammedanisme--Geschiedenis van

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The study of medieval Christian Arabic texts interacting with Islam is a steadily growing scholarly field. Numerous unedited Christian Arabic texts, covering a variety of fascinating topics, await deeper analysis and study. How did early Arabic-speaking Christians respond to the Islamic claims against the Bible, the Trinity, and the incarnation? How did these Christians view Islam, Muḥammad, and the Qur’ān? How did these theologians employ Arabic to defend their faith and its tenets? To what extent were Christians able to advance the Christian belief of a Triune God in opposition to the Islamic view of strict monotheism? Can today’s Church, particularly in the West, benefit in any way from the earliest arguments articulated, developed, and advanced by these medieval Arabic-speaking Christians? These questions, and many more, are at the heart of this important volume. This volume examines nine key medieval Arabic-speaking Christian figures. It discusses their responses to Islamic criticisms, aiming to provide interested students—both undergraduate and graduate—with an accessible resource that includes historical background for each figure, major arguments they posed, and partial translations of their works. This volume is decidedly easy to read. It aims to provide an entry point for students interested in the history of Christian-Muslim encounters and in Middle Eastern Christianity more generally. Our hope is that the reading of this book will make some of the most important voices of medieval Arabic-speaking Christianity—and their contributions to the Christian-Muslim theological encounter—more easily and widely accessible in the English-speaking university context.

Christianity --- Christianity and other religions --- Islam --- Christian literature, Arabic --- Apologetics --- Christian literature, Arabic. --- Christianity. --- Interfaith relations. --- Islam. --- History. --- Relations --- History and criticism. --- History --- Middle Ages. --- 600-1500. --- Arab countries. --- Christianity and other religions.

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What motivated the early Islamic conquests? Did the Arabs fight for Allah, or for wealth and dominance? Were the conquerors principally Arabs, or specifically Muslims? Were the Muslim believers motivated by religious zeal to proclaim Islam to the non-Muslims? Consequently, was Islam spread by the sword? This is a question that has crucial implications today. The Stated Motivations for the Early Islamic Expansion (622-641) extensively analyzes the earliest Arabic Muslim sources to answer these and other questions. It relies on over 400 works, including primary sources written by more than 90 medieval Muslim authors, Sunni, Shiite, Sufi, and Mu'tazilite. It explores how medieval Muslim writers represented the early Arab leaders, and how much we can trust their reports. It concludes with an examination of the Qur'ān's commands regarding fighting and armed jihad, and questions what later commentators suggest about fighting the non-Muslims, specifically how radical Muslim interpretations match or violate Islam's sacred scripture. This is the first scholarly analysis to focus on the stated motivations for the early Islamic expansion in the first two decades of Islam. It is a valuable resource for courses on Muslim history, introduction to Islam, Islamic origins and texts, classical and modern Islamic thought, Muhammad's biography, Islamic Caliphates, Muslim-Christian relations, Jews in the Muslim world, Middle Eastern history, and world history. In the age of ISIS, Qaeda, and Boko Haram, this book reflects on how historiographical accounts can inform today's multi-cultural and multi-religious societies on complex relations, mutual respect, and religious coexistence. "The Stated Motivations for the Early Islamic Expansion (622-641) is a careful study which sheds new light on the earliest Islamic conquests and the development of an Islamic ideology of conquest in the days of the Prophet and the first caliphs."-Gabriel Said Reynolds, University of Notre Dame, Author of The Qur'ān and Its Biblical Subtext "Ayman S. Ibrahim's reasonable questioning of the traditional Muslim hypothesis about the Arab conquests is welcome for many reasons, not least among them that the hypothesis falsely claims that the conquests were self-defense operations for the sake of faith proclamation. He shows convincingly that this claim does not line up with the earliest Muslim narrative sources. Ibrahim's investigation goes even beyond this, however, to query the reliability and historicity of the Muslim narrative sources themselves."-Gordon Nickel, University of Calgary, Author of Narratives of Tampering in the Earliest Commentaries on the Qur'ān "The Stated Motivations for the Early Islamic Expansion (622-641) demonstrates an impressive knowledge of the Muslim medieval and modern literature and came to convincing groundbreaking conclusions in research of early Islam."-Yaron Friedman, University of Haifa, Author of The Nuṣayrī-ᶜAlawīs «I certainly hope that Muslim scholars and apologists will carefully engage with this book.» (Duane Alexander Miller, Southeastern Theological Review 9/2 2018) "At a time of increased conflict between Muslims and non-Muslims, many are seeking to build peaceful relations by noting traditional Muslim interpretations of the motivation for early Muslim conquests. By carefully analyzing and demonstrating that these interpretations often reflect later political and social contexts Ayman S. Ibrahim frees us to rely on the sacred texts directly to build a case for cordial religious coexistence."-J. Dudley Woodberry, Dean Emeritus and Senior Professor of Islamic Studies, Fuller Graduate Schools

Islam --- Jihad --- History --- Muḥammad, Prophet, --- Military leadership. --- Islamic Empire --- History, Military.

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The study of medieval Christian Arabic texts interacting with Islam is a steadily growing scholarly field. Numerous unedited Christian Arabic texts, covering a variety of fascinating topics, await deeper analysis and study. How did early Arabic-speaking Christians respond to the Islamic claims against the Bible, the Trinity, and the incarnation? How did these Christians view Islam, Muḥammad, and the Qur’ān? How did these theologians employ Arabic to defend their faith and its tenets? To what extent were Christians able to advance the Christian belief of a Triune God in opposition to the Islamic view of strict monotheism? Can today’s Church, particularly in the West, benefit in any way from the earliest arguments articulated, developed, and advanced by these medieval Arabic-speaking Christians? These questions, and many more, are at the heart of this important volume. This volume examines nine key medieval Arabic-speaking Christian figures. It discusses their responses to Islamic criticisms, aiming to provide interested students—both undergraduate and graduate—with an accessible resource that includes historical background for each figure, major arguments they posed, and partial translations of their works. This volume is decidedly easy to read. It aims to provide an entry point for students interested in the history of Christian-Muslim encounters and in Middle Eastern Christianity more generally. Our hope is that the reading of this book will make some of the most important voices of medieval Arabic-speaking Christianity—and their contributions to the Christian-Muslim theological encounter—more easily and widely accessible in the English-speaking university context.

Christianity and other religions. --- Christianity. --- Apologetics --- History

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"An expert in the study of Islam answers thirty common questions about Muhammad, offering a clear and concise guide to his life and religious significance"--

Islam --- Origin --- Muḥammad,