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The study examines the effect of health care reform in Bulgaria in 1999 on the equity of health care financing. It explores the distribution of different types of health care financing by income. Furthermore, it separates the financial and social reasons for these differences, dividing them into economic and social inequalities. It suggests a method of distinguishing between financially based and "exclusion based" reasons for having progressive/regressive health care financing. Moreover, it looks at the social factors that shape health expenditure patterns and identifies those social characteristics that lead to exclusion from the health care system.

Health insurance --- Health care reform --- Medical policy --- Econometric models. --- Health care policy --- Health policy --- Medical care --- Medicine and state --- Policy, Medical --- Public health --- Public health policy --- State and medicine --- Health reform --- Health system reform --- Healthcare reform --- Medical care reform --- Reform of health care delivery --- Reform of medical care delivery --- Health plans, Prepaid --- Insurance, Health --- Medical care, Prepaid --- Medical insurance --- Prepaid health plans --- Prepaid medical care --- Sickness insurance --- Government policy --- Science and state --- Social policy --- Insurance --- Ambulance service --- Home care services --- Hospitals --- Medically uninsured persons --- Surgical clinics --- Prospective payment --- Emergency services --- Outpatient services --- Rehabilitation services --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Health Policy --- Analysis of Health Care Markets --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Health systems & services --- Public finance & taxation --- Health care --- Health care spending --- Personal income --- Income inequality --- Income distribution --- Expenditures, Public --- Income --- Bulgaria

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Since the 1997 Asian currency crisis, new interest has emerged in the formation of a common currency area in East Asia. This paper provides estimates of trade and welfare effects of East Asian currency unions, using a micro-founded gravity model. Counter-factual experiments to assess the effects of various hypothetical currency arrangements for East Asia suggest that an East Asian currency union will double bilateral trade in the region, but the resulting welfare effects will be moderate. However, if Japan, a major trade partner for East Asia, is included in the union, welfare effects increase substantially. The evidence thus suggests that certain regional currency arrangements in East Asia will stimulate regional trade rigorously and can generate economically significant welfare gains.

Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Trade: General --- Economic Integration --- Financial Aspects of Economic Integration --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- International economics --- Monetary economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Monetary unions --- Currencies --- Plurilateral trade --- Exchange rate arrangements --- Trade barriers --- Economic integration --- Money --- International trade --- Commercial policy --- Japan --- Currency question --- Econometric models. --- East Asia --- Commerce

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This book written by the staff of the IMF Institute, offers a series of workshops on Kenya that are used as a case study in the Institute's course on Financial Analysis and Policy for officials of IMF member countries. The workshops combine theory and practice for a better understanding of the use of major financial policy instruments in the management of national economies.

International finance --- Kenya --- Finance --- Money --- Balance of payments --- Case studies --- 339.72 --- -Balance of payments --- -Finance --- -Money --- -#ECO:01.01:economie algemeen --- #ECO:05.08:landen Afrika --- Currency --- Monetary question --- Money, Primitive --- Specie --- Standard of value --- Exchange --- Value --- Banks and banking --- Coinage --- Currency question --- Gold --- Silver --- Silver question --- Wealth --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- Current account balance (International trade) --- International payments, Balance of --- Foreign exchange --- Terms of trade --- Balance of trade --- International liquidity --- Internationaal betalingsverkeer. Valutahandel. Wisselmarkten. Deviezenhandel. Internationale kapitaalmarkt. Flow and funds analysis. Betalingsbalans. Internationale geldmarkt. --- 339.72 Internationaal betalingsverkeer. Valutahandel. Wisselmarkten. Deviezenhandel. Internationale kapitaalmarkt. Flow and funds analysis. Betalingsbalans. Internationale geldmarkt. --- #ECO:01.01:economie algemeen --- Internationaal betalingsverkeer. Valutahandel. Wisselmarkten. Deviezenhandel. Internationale kapitaalmarkt. Flow and funds analysis. Betalingsbalans. Internationale geldmarkt --- Finance - Kenya --- Money - Kenya --- Balance of payments - Kenya --- Finance - Developing countries - Case studies --- Money - Developing countries - Case studies --- Balance of payments - Developing countries - Case studies --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Trade: General --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- International economics --- Monetary economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Banking --- Commercial banks --- Revenue administration --- Foreign assets --- Income --- Imports --- Financial institutions --- External position --- International trade --- National accounts --- Credit --- Investments, Foreign --- Revenue

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One of the most significant recent developments in world trade has been the entry of China into the World Trade Organization (WTO). This paper examines the implications of China's WTO accession for India's trade, using both econometrics and computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. The paper analyzes how India stands to lose or gain from China's WTO entry in terms of both the direct and competitive channels.

China -- Commercial policy. --- Comparative advantage (International trade). --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Exports -- China. --- Exports -- India. --- India -- Commercial policy. --- World Trade Organization -- China. --- Exports and Imports --- Taxation --- Trade: General --- Neoclassical Models of Trade --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Exports --- Imports --- Comparative advantage --- Tariffs --- Trade balance --- International trade --- Tariff --- Balance of trade --- China, People's Republic of --- Comparative advantage (International trade) --- World Trade Organization --- China --- India --- Commercial policy.

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In this paper we identify some of the main factors behind systemic risk in a set of international large-scale complex banks using the novel CoVaR approach. We find that short-term wholesale funding is a key determinant in triggering systemic risk episodes. In contrast, we find no evidence that a larger size increases systemic risk within the class of large global banks. We also show that the sensitivity of system-wide risk to an individual bank is asymmetric across episodes of positive and negative asset returns. Since short-term wholesale funding emerges as the most relevant systemic factor, our results support the Basel Committee's proposal to introduce a net stable funding ratio, penalizing excessive exposure to liquidity risk.

Banks and banking, International --- Financial risk management --- Risk management --- International banking --- Offshore banking (Finance) --- Transnational banking --- Financial institutions, International --- International finance --- Econometric models. --- State supervision. --- Accounting --- Banks and Banking --- Econometrics --- Finance: General --- Financial Risk Management --- Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models --- Multiple Variables: General --- Financial Crises --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Public Administration --- Public Sector Accounting and Audits --- Time-Series Models --- Dynamic Quantile Regressions --- Dynamic Treatment Effect Models --- Diffusion Processes --- Finance --- Banking --- Financial reporting, financial statements --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Systemic risk --- Financial statements --- Financial crises --- Vector autoregression --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Econometric analysis --- Commercial banks --- Financial institutions --- Banks and banking --- Finance, Public --- United States