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While millions in China have been advantaged by three decades of reform, impressive gains have also produced social dislocation. Groups that had been winners under socialism find themselves losers in the new order. Based on field research in nine cities across China, this fascinating study considers the fate of one such group - 35 million workers laid off from the state-owned sector. The book explains why these lay-offs occurred, how workers are coping with unemployment, what actions the state is taking to provide them with livelihoods and re-employment, and what happens when workers mobilize collectively to pursue redress of their substantial grievances. What happens to these people, the remnants of the socialist working class, will be critical in shaping post-socialist politics and society in China and beyond.

Government business enterprises --- Post-communism --- Unemployed --- S10/0330 --- S11/0830 --- Jobless people --- Out-of-work people --- Unemployed people --- Unemployed workers --- Labor supply --- Persons --- Unemployment --- Postcommunism --- World politics --- Communism --- Nationalized companies --- Parastatals --- Public enterprises --- State-owned enterprises --- Business enterprises --- Employees --- Economic aspects --- Social aspects --- Government policy --- Social conditions --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--Employment --- China: Social sciences--Labour conditions and trade unions: since 1949 --- Employees. --- Social conditions. --- Social Sciences --- Political Science

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"Drawing on the perspectives of a wide range of leading experts across several disciplines, this book offers critical insights on some of the most important questions of contemporary urban Chinese politics and society. All of the contributors, working across different institutions and localities in China, bring rich data and fresh analyses to such issues as urbanization of place and people, tensions between urban social groups, new structures and mechanisms of governance and welfare provision, and the fraying of traditional social ties. Taken together, this collection represents the most comprehensive and grounded set of analyses of residency, class, and community specifically focused on urban China in at least the last ten years"--

Urbanization --- Social stratification --- China --- Social conditions

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This collection includes seven essays translated from the leading Chinese-language journal Open Times. Bringing together a wide range of leading experts across several disciplines, this book offers critical insights on some of the most important questions of contemporary urban Chinese politics and society. Drawing on extensive research across different localities and issues in China, the chapters offer rich data and fresh analyses of the shifting contours of urban governance, social mobilization and contention, and mechanisms of social control in the new Millennium. Taken together, this collection represents the most comprehensive look in some years at how urban Chinese political institutions have adapted and responded to challenges and how social actors and groups have mobilized to press for redress of substantial new grievances.

Municipal government --- Urban policy --- City dwellers --- Political participation --- Citizen participation --- Political activity

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"The Mesoamerican population who lived near the indigenous cultivation sites of the "Chocolate Tree" (Theobromo cacao) had a multitude of documented applications of chocolate as medicine, ranging from alleviating fatigue to preventing heart ailments to treating snakebite. Until recently, these applications have received little sound scientific scrutiny. Rather, it has been the reputed health claims stemming from Europe and the United States which have attracted considerable biomedical attention. This book, for the first time, describes the centuries-long quest to uncover chocolate's potential health benefits. The authors explore variations in the types of evidence used to support chocolate's use as medicine as well as note the ongoing tension over categorizing chocolate as food or medicine, and more recently, as functional food or nutraceutical. The authors, Wilson an historian of science and medicine, and Hurst an analytical chemist in the chocolate industry, bring their collective insights to bear upon the development of ideas and practices surrounding the use of chocolate as medicine. Chocolate's use in this manner is explored first among the Mesoamerican peoples, then as it is transported to Europe, and back into Colonial North America. The authors then focus upon more recent bioscience experimental undertakings which have been aimed to ascertain both long-standing and novel suggestions as to chocolate's efficacy as a medicinal and a nutritional substance. Chocolate's reputation as the most craved food boosts this book's appeal to food and biomedical scientists, cacao researchers, ethnobotanists, historians, folklorists, and healers of all types as well as to the general reading audience"

Cacao --- Plant Preparations --- Nutritive Value --- Diet Therapy --- history --- therapeutic use --- methods --- Cacao - history --- Plant Preparations - therapeutic use --- Diet Therapy - methods --- CACAO --- CHOCOLATE --- MEDICINE --- THERAPEUTIC USE --- HISTORY