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Educational tests and measurements. --- Psychology. --- Ability --- Testing.

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When the objective scientist undertakes the study of any phenomenon, he first attempts to discover the physical cause producing it; he next looks for the physical machinery through which this cause acts. Knowing the cause and the underlying machinery, he can more adequately describe and explain the phenomenon. As a final step, he may attempt to devise methods of controlling or preventing the phenomenon. The above procedure has been followed insofar as possible in our study of mental disorder. We begin by giving the physical agents that produce the disorder; we next consider the underlying tissue pathology which these agents produce; third, we consider the mental abnormalities resulting from this tissue pathology; and fourth, we consider methods for preventing the disorder or for curing it when once it is acquired. In those instances in which the physical cause and pathology are unknown, we have been frank to say so. We recognize that the science of abnormal psychology is still in its infancy, and it is to be expected that the next ten years will bring many changes and additions to the material set forth in this book.

Mental illness. --- Psychology, Pathological.

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"The treatment of mental disorders has undergone a number of changes in the past two decades. Some of these changes have come to stay, others have been thoroughly tested out and are being restricted or discarded, and still others are just beginning to be investigated. The gratifying results of the malaria therapy for paresis have been followed by the formidable shock methods of treatment with insulin and metrazol, and by the vitamin treatment of the deficiency disorders. The surgical treatment of mental disorders is still in its infancy, and in offering this volume the authors have endeavored to establish a foundation for future work along the same lines. They recognize only too well their own limitations in dealing with such a complex subject as the relationship between the brain and mental disease, yet they have attempted to present the facts, to do justice to past work in the field, and to speculate with one foot occasionally upon the ground. They are inclined to agree with the original concept that the frontal lobes are essential for satisfactory social adaptation; but they suggest that certain individuals may suffer from perverted activity of these areas and may become capable of better adaptation when these lobes are partially inactivated. Theories are developed concerning the mechanism by which the perverted activity of the frontal lobes produces deviation in behavior; and the conclusion is reached that without the frontal lobes there could be no functional psychoses. Perhaps this is an extreme view, perhaps it is only self-evident. Partial separation of the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain results in reduction of disagreeable self-consciousness, abolition of obsessive thinking, and satisfaction with performance, even though the performance is inferior in quality. The emotional nucleus of the psychosis is removed, the "sting" of the disorder, is drawn. Even though the fixed ideas persist and the compulsions continue for a while, the fear that disabled the patient is banished. How much this relief means to the patient suffering from doubts and fears, morbid thoughts, hallucinations and delusions, and compulsive activities, may easily be imagined"--Preface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).

Psychosurgery.