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Russia, the Baltic states and the other countries of the former Soviet Union inherited health and education systems that were in need of substantial structural and financial reform. In spite of a sharp decline of real resources, this reform has barely begun. While health and education have not suffered disproportionate cuts, employment has been maintained, with real wages sharply compressed, purchases of materials reduced and energy-related spending taking a greater share of resources in many countries. Structural and financial reform would include reducing staffing and physical capacity, while increasing expenditures for materials and wages for the more highly qualified.

Education spending --- Education --- Education: General --- Expenditure --- Expenditures, Public --- Fiscal Policy --- Health care spending --- Health economics --- Health --- Health: General --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Public Economics --- Total expenditures --- Russian Federation

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Berkeley Castle Tales presents the outcomes of the 15-year-long University of Bristol excavations and landscape research at the Berkeley Castle estate in South Gloucestershire. The project, which in 2016 won the prestigious Current Archaeology award for the Archaeology Project of the Year, aimed at writing, through material culture and extensive archival and geophysical research, the narrative behind the construction of Berkeley Castle, the corresponding town, and the area of the Severn valley that overlooks the borders with Wales. By combining the results of archaeological fieldwork with information contained in the castle's impressive collection of 20,000 historical documents, the project adds greatly to our knowledge and understanding of the early medieval period and the subsequent changes in landscape and society that occurred with the coming of the Normans, with the erection of a castle on the former minster site. Throughout the publication the advances that the Berkeley Castle project offered to archaeological practice, to excavation and geophysics methodology, and to the community and public archaeology are evident, since the editors intend the volume to be a milestone not only for the study of a castle landscape but also for archaeological method and practice.

Architecture --- Normans --- Archaeological Practice --- Castles --- Berkeley Castle --- Landscape archaeology --- Anglo-Saxon --- Medieval Britain --- Architecture / History / Medieval --- Architecture, Medieval.

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This technical note focuses on computing cyclically adjusted balances and automatic stabilizers. The note provides guidance on how to decompose overall fiscal balances into cyclical and cyclically adjusted components, and how to interpret automatic fiscal stabilizers. These indicators are commonly used to assess how fiscal policy responds to macroeconomic conditions. Various approaches to cyclical adjustment and estimation of the automatic stabilizers are possible. This note focuses on the approach used by the IMF’s Fiscal Affairs Department in the paper on the State of Public Finances and in the Fiscal Monitor.

Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Production and Operations Management --- Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook: General --- National Deficit Surplus --- National Budget, Deficit, and Debt: Other --- Fiscal Policy --- Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy --- Stabilization --- Treasury Policy --- Macroeconomics: Production --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Fiscal stance --- Automatic stabilizers --- Output gap --- Interest payments --- Expenditure --- Fiscal policy --- Production --- Economic theory --- Debt service --- Expenditures, Public

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"This Occasional Paper analyzes the experience of countries that have implemented very sizable fiscal adjustments over the past three decades. It aims to identify key conditions and institutional approaches that have contributed to sustained outcomes and to favorable macroeconomic developments. In this way, the paper may provide operational guidance to policymakers" -- pref.

politique fiscale --- overheidsbeleid --- international --- Fiscal policy --- -Fiscal policy --- -330.05 --- 336.3 --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- fiscaal beleid --- politique gouvernementale --- internationaal --- Government policy --- Taxes --- Developing countries --- Structural adjustment (Economic policy) --- Fiscal policy. --- Structural adjustment (Economic policy). --- Politique fiscale --- Ajustement structurel (Economie) --- 330.05