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"When scientists formulate their theories, expectations, and hypotheses, they often use statements like: "I expect mean A to be bigger than means B and C"; "I expect that the relation between Y and both X1 and X2 is positive"; and "I expect the relation between Y and X1 to be stronger than the relation between Y and X2". Stated otherwise, they formulate their expectations in terms of inequality constraints among the parameters in which they are interested, that is, they formulate Informative Hypotheses.There is currently a sound theoretical foundation for the evaluation of informative hypotheses using Bayes factors, p-values and the generalized order restricted information criterion. Furthermore, software that is often free is available to enable researchers to evaluate the informative hypotheses using their own data. The road is open to challenge the dominance of the null hypothesis for contemporary research in behavioral, social, and other sciences"-- "Preface Providing advise to behavioral and social scientists is the most interesting and challenging part of my work as a statistician. It is an opportunity to apply statistics in situations that usually have no resemblance to the clear cut examples discussed in most text books on statistics. A fortiori, it is not unusual that scientists have questions to which I do not have a straightforward answer, either because the question has not yet been considered by statisticians, or, because existing statistical theory can not easily be applied because there is no software with which it can be implemented. An example of the latter are Informative Hypotheses. When I question scientists with respect to their theories, expectations and hypotheses, they often respond with statements like: I expect mean A to be bigger than means B and C"; I expect that the relation between Y and both X1 and X2 is positive"; and I expect the relation between Y and X1 to be stronger than the relation between Y and X2". Stated otherwise, they formulate their expectations in terms of inequality constraints among the parameters in which they are interested, that is, they formulate Informative Hypotheses. In this book the evaluation of informative hypotheses is introduced for behavioral and social scientists. Chapters 1 and 2 introduce the univariate and multivariate normal lin- ear models and the informative hypotheses that can be formulated in the context of these models. An accessible account of Bayesian evaluation of informative hypotheses is provided in Chapters 3 through 7. There is also an account of the non-Bayesian approaches for the evaluation of informative hypotheses for which software with which these approaches can be implemented is available (Chapter 8)"--

Psychology --- Social sciences --- Hypothesis. --- Mathematics --- Statistical methods. --- Statistical methods. --- Probability & Statistics --- General.

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Statistical science --- Bayesian statistics --- statistiek

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This book presents an alternative for traditional null hypothesis testing. It builds on the idea that researchers usually have more informative research-questions than the "nothing is going on" null hypothesis, or the "something is going on" alternative hypothesis. To be more precise, researchers often express their expectations in terms of expected orderings in parameters, for instance, in group means. This book introduces a novel approach, wherein theories or expectations of empirical researchers are translated into one or more so-called informative hypotheses, i.e., hypotheses imposing inequality constraints on (some of) the model parameters. As a consequence, informative hypotheses are much closer to the actual questions researchers have and therefore make optimal use of the data to provide more informative answers to these questions. A Bayesian approach is used for the evaluation of informative hypotheses and is introduced at a non-technical level in the context of analysis of variance models. Technical aspects of Bayesian evaluation of informative hypotheses are also considered and different approaches are presented by an international group of Bayesian statisticians. Furthermore, applications in a variety of statistical models including among others latent class analysis and multi-level modeling are presented, again at a non-technical level. Finally, the proposed method is evaluated from a psychological, statistical and philosophical point of view. This book contains numerous illustrations, all in the context of psychology. The proposed methodology, however, is equally relevant for research in other social sciences (e.g., sociology or educational sciences), as well as in other disciplines (e.g., medical or economical research). The editors are all affiliated at the faculty of Social Sciences at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. Herbert Hoijtink is a professor in applied Bayesian statistics at the Department of Methodology and Statistics. Irene Klugkist is assistant professor at the same department, and Paul A. Boelen is assistant professor at the Department of Clinical and Health Psychology.

statistiek --- Statistical science --- Heavy ions --- Nuclear reactions --- Réactions nucléaires --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVMATHE LIVSTATI SPRINGER-B --- Research on teaching --- Mathematical statistics --- Statistics. --- Statistics for Social Sciences, Humanities, Law. --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical methods --- Mathematics --- Econometrics --- Statistics .