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On October 4, 1992, an El Al freight aircraft crashed into an apartment complex near Amsterdam after taking off from Schiphol airport. This disaster generated sufficient public arousal that the Netherlands government deemed it necessary to make a careful reexamination of the external risks of the airport prior to proceeding with expansion plans. RAND's European American Center was asked to do this study. A six-month survey and analysis of the safety issues performed by RAND using a multidisciplinary team of risk experts, aviation consultants, statisticians, and policy analysts. Both quantitative risk estimates and public opinions of airport risks and benefits played importantly in the analysis. Recommendations included safety management changes, safety incident tracking and better public communication. Two reports, "Airport Growth and Safety: A Study of the External Risks of Schiphol Airport and Possible Safety Enhancement Measures," and "Airport Growth and Safety, Executive Summary of the Schiphol Project," were completed under the project.

Airports --- Aircraft accidents. --- Risk assessment. --- Airport zoning --- Safety measures. --- Schiphol (Airport)

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Many analysts and decisionmakers argue that an order-of-magnitude leap forward in military modeling for the post-Cold War era--particularly campaign modeling--is essential to improve the quality of analyses, training, acquisition, test and evaluation, and innovative thinking. This research has been a step to ensure that the next-generation campaign models will not be mere rewrites of tools currently in use. The authors investigated alternatives to four aspects of modeling they think are essential to improving theater-level campaign analysis: (1) how to create more flexible structures to simulate the wide range of future scenarios and their associated uncertainties; (2) how to link to more detailed models in an analytically valid way; (3) how to represent ground forces maneuvering at the theater campaign level; and (4) how to represent adaptive behavior and aspects of command and control better in this type of model. This research provides insights into some of the alternatives and suggested some promising directions. The authors built the prototype Theater-Level Campaign (TLC) model and used it as a test bed for the different approaches. In many cases, methods were tried and then, finding they were not promising, that code was removed, and research started over in the true spirit of prototyping. The authors believe this type of prototyping and experimentation is critical to the advancement of the state of the art of campaign modeling and analysis. The various sections of the report describe the results associated with each aspect of the experimentation and conclude with more general observations and recommendations for the future.

Combat --- Computer simulation.

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Efficient movement of freight within the United States and across its borders is a critical enabler of future U.S. economic growth. The authors provide an overview of the freight-transportation system and the problems it faces, concluding with a discussion of key system-modernization issues, including increasing capacity, making the system less vulnerable to disruption, addressing environmental concerns, and building support for funding.

Freight and freightage. --- Freight and freightage -- Rates. --- Freight and freightage - United States. --- Freight and freightage - United States - Forecasting. --- Railroads -- Freight. --- Freight and freightage --- Transportation Economics --- Business & Economics --- Forecasting --- Forecasting. --- Affreightment --- Cargo --- Freight handling --- Transportation --- Freight --- Freight transportation --- Freightage --- Materials handling --- E-books

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War --- War games. --- Mathematical models.

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Operational art (Military science) --- Computer simulation.