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The German Empire before 1914 had the fastest growing economy in Europe and was the strongest military power in the world. Yet it appeared, from a reading of many contemporaries' accounts, to be lagging behind other nation-states and to be losing the race to divide up the rest of the globe. This book is an ambitious re-assessment of how Wilhelmine Germans conceived of themselves and the German Empire's place in the world in the lead-up to the First World War. Mark Hewitson re-examines the varying forms of national identification, allegiance and politics following the creation and consolidation of a German nation-state in light of contemporary debates about modernity, race, industrialization, colonialism and military power. Despite the new claims being made for the importance of empire to Germany's development, he reveals that the majority of transnational networks and contemporaries' interactions and horizons remained intra-European or transatlantic rather than truly global.
Germany --- Allemagne --- Foreign relations --- Relations extérieures --- History --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement
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Wars have played a fundamental part in modern German history. Although infrequent, conflicts involving German states have usually been extensive and often catastrophic, constituting turning-points for Europe as a whole. Absolute War is the first in a series of studies from Mark Hewitson that explore how such conflicts were experienced by soldiers and civilians during wartime, and how they were subsequently imagined and understood during peacetime, from Clausewitz and Kleist to Jünger and Adorno. Without such an understanding, it is difficult to make sense of the dramatic shifts characterising the politics of Germany and Europe over the past two centuries. The studies argue that the ease - or reluctance - with which Germans went to war, and the far-reaching consequences of such wars on domestic politics, were related to soldiers' and civilians' attitudes to violence and death, as well as to long-term transformations in contemporaries' conceptualisation of conflict. Absolute War reassesses the meaning of military conflict for the millions of German subjects who were directly implicated in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Based on a re-reading of contemporary diaries, letters, memoirs, official correspondence, press reports, pamphlets, treatises, plays, and cartoons, this volume refocuses attention on combat and conscription as the central components of new forms of mass warfare. It concentrates, in particular, on the impact of violence, killing, and death on many soldiers' and some civilians' experiences and subsequent memories of conflict. War has often been conceived of as 'an act of violence pushed to its utmost bounds', as Clausewitz put it, but the relationship between military conflicts and violent acts remains a problematic one.
War and society --- Guerre et société --- History --- Histoire --- Germany --- Allemagne --- History, Military --- Histoire militaire
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Causation. --- Causation. --- Geschichtsphilosophie. --- History --- History --- Kausalität. --- Philosophy. --- Philosophy.
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How did ministers, journalists, academics, artists, and subjects in the German lands imagine war during the nineteenth century? The Napoleonic Wars had been the bloodiest in Europe's history, directly affecting millions of Germans, yet their long-term consequences on individuals and on 'politics' are still poorly understood. This study makes sense of contemporaries' memories and histories of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic campaigns within a much wider context of press reportage of wars elsewhere in Europe and overseas, debates about military service and the reform of Germany's armies, revolution and counter-revolution, and individuals' experiences of violence and death in their everyday lives. For the majority of the populations of the German states, wars during an era of conscription were not merely a matter of history and memory; rather, they concerned subjects' hopes, fears, and expectations of the future. This is the second volume of Mark Hewitson's study of the violence of war in the German lands during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It investigates the complex relationship between military conflicts and the violent acts of individual soldiers. In particular, it considers the contradictory impact of 'pacification' in civilian life and exposure to increasingly destructive technologies of killing during war-time. This contradiction reached its nineteenth-century apogee during the 'wars of unification', leaving an ambiguous imprint on post-war discussions of military conflict.
War and society --- Guerre et société --- History --- Histoire --- Germany --- Germany --- Allemagne --- Allemagne --- History --- History, Military --- Histoire --- Histoire militaire
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Nationalism --- Public opinion --- History --- France --- Germany --- Foreign public opinion, German --- Foreign relations --- Politics and government
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Nationalism has had global repercussions throughout the modern world, lying at the root of wars, revolutions and social and cultural movements. This volume analyses and compares different forms of nationalism as they originated and developed in Europe throughout the 19th century and offers an authoratative reassessment.
Nationalism --- Consciousness, National --- Identity, National --- National consciousness --- National identity --- International relations --- Patriotism --- Political science --- Autonomy and independence movements --- Internationalism --- Political messianism --- History --- Europe --- 323.1 <031> --- 323.1 <4> --- 940.26 --- 940.26 Geschiedenis van Europa: Nieuwste Tijd--(19de-20ste eeuw) --- Geschiedenis van Europa: Nieuwste Tijd--(19de-20ste eeuw) --- 323.1 <031> Nationale bewegingen. Nationalisme. Rassenpolitiek--Encyclopedieën. Lexica --- Nationale bewegingen. Nationalisme. Rassenpolitiek--Encyclopedieën. Lexica --- 323.1 <4> Nationale bewegingen. Nationalisme. Rassenpolitiek--Europa --- Nationale bewegingen. Nationalisme. Rassenpolitiek--Europa --- History of Europe --- anno 1700-1799 --- anno 1800-1899 --- anno 1900-1909 --- anno 1910-1919 --- Law of nations: objects and subjects --- anno 1900-1999 --- 19th century --- 1789-1900 --- Nationalistes --- Nationalisme --- Nationalités --- 19e siècle
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"This volume investigates competing ideas, images, and stereotypes of a European 'East', exploring its role in defining European and national conceptions of self and other since the eighteenth century. Europe and the East will be essential reading for anyone interested in images and ideas of Europe, European identity, and conceptions of the 'East' in intellectual and cultural history"--
Public opinion --- Other (Philosophy) --- Europe --- Europe, Eastern --- Balkan Peninsula --- Intellectual life --- Foreign public opinion, European. --- Intellectual life.
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