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Après des résultats spectaculaires, dont la victoire d'AlphaGo sur le meilleur joueur mondial de Go, le Deep Learning suscite autant d'intérêts que d'interrogations. Inspiré au départ par une métaphore biologique, celle du cerveau, le domaine des réseaux de neurones est devenu l'un des principaux axes de recherche de l'intelligence artificielle. Quel que soit le secteur d'activité, pas un seul en effet ne semble échapper aux applications du Deep Learning. Quels sont les principes des réseaux de neurones ? Comment fonctionnent-ils ? Quand et pourquoi les utiliser ? Sont-ils simples à mettre en œuvre ? Qu'est-ce qu'on entend réellement par Deep Learning ? Jean-Claude Heudin propose avec ce livre de répondre à ces questions. Dans un style direct et richement illustré, les explications sont abordables par le plus grand nombre, avec une mise en pratique au travers d'exemples. Pour comprendre le Deep Learning, nul besoin ici d'un fort niveau en mathématiques. Les principes de calcul sont réduits à des opérations simples et les exemples de programmation sont accessibles. Ce livre s'adresse à tous ceux qui souhaitent comprendre concrètement les enjeux du Deep Learning. [Éditeur]

Neural networks (Computer science) --- Artificial intelligence --- Machine learning --- Réseaux neuronaux (informatique) --- Intelligence artificielle --- Apprentissage automatique --- Psycholinguistics --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- Mathematical linguistics --- Artificial intelligence. --- Intelligence artificielle. --- Apprentissage automatique. --- Réseaux neuronaux (informatique)

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Avec le Deep Learning, l'Intelligence Artificielle est redevenue un sujet a la mode, le mythe d'une super-intelligence en croissance exponentielle. Pour certains, c'est une revolution qui va transformer le monde, comme l'electricite il y a plus d'un siecle. D'autres y voient la plus grande menace qui pese sur l'humanite. Dans cet imbroglio mediatique, comment s'y retrouver ? Ce livre s'adresse a tous ceux qui veulent comprendre les enjeux scientifiques, economiques, societaux et ethiques de l'IA. Il contient une definition claire de ce qu'est l'IA et de ses principaux axes de recherche, son histoire avec une chronologie des evenements, sa representation dans l'imaginaire, un recueil des citations de personnalites, les dangers potentiels, les idees recues, un glossaire des principaux termes avec des explications simples et comprehensibles, ainsi que les references incontournables. Ce livre n'est pas ecrit pour etre lu une seule fois. Il pourra etre aussi consulte a la demande pour comprendre un sujet ou un terme particulier et vous rendre incollable dans toutes les situations, personnelles ou professionnelles, ou il sera question de l'IA.

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1 Introduction Imagine a virtual world with digital creatures that looks like real life, sounds like real life, and even feels like real life. Imagine a virtual world not only with nice three dimensional graphics and animations, but also with realistic physical laws and forces. This virtual world could be familiar, reproducing some parts of our reality, or unfa miliar, with strange “physical” laws and artificial life forms. As a researcher interested in the sciences of complexity, the idea of a conference about virtual worlds emerged from frustration. In the last few years, there has been an increasing interest in the design of artificial environments using image synthesis and virtual reality. The emergence of industry standards such as VRML [1] is an illustra tion of this growing interest. At the same time, the field of Artificial Life has ad dressed and modeled complex phenomena such as self organization, reproduction, development, and evolution of artificial life like systems [2]. One of the most popular works in this field has been Tierra designed by Tom Ray: an environment producing synthetic organisms based on a computer metaphor of organic life in which CPU time is the “energy” resource and memory is the “material” resource [3]. Memory is or ganized into informational patterns that exploit CPU time for self replication. Muta tion generates new forms, and evolution proceeds by natural selection as different creatures compete for CPU time and memory space.

Human-computer interaction --- Virtual reality --- Artificial intelligence --- Computer Science --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Congresses --- Computer science. --- Multimedia information systems. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer graphics. --- Computer Science. --- Computer Graphics. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Multimedia Information Systems. --- Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet). --- Multimedia systems. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Computer-based multimedia information systems --- Multimedia computing --- Multimedia information systems --- Multimedia knowledge systems --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Automatic drafting --- Graphic data processing --- Graphics, Computer --- Computer art --- Graphic arts --- Engineering graphics --- Image processing --- Digital techniques --- Application software. --- Application computer programs --- Application computer software --- Applications software --- Apps (Computer software) --- Computer software

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Virtual Worlds 2000 is the second in a series of international scientific conferences on virtual worlds held at the International Institute of Multimedia in Paris La Défense (Pôle Universitaire Léonard de Vinci). The term "virtual worlds" generally refers to virtual reality applications or experi ences. We extend the use of these terms to describe experiments that deal with the idea of synthesizing digital worlds on computers. Thus, virtual worlds could be de fined as the study of computer programs that implement digital worlds. Constructing such complex artificial worlds seems to be extremely difficult to do in any sort of complete and realistic manner. Such a new discipline must benefit from a large amount of work in various fields: virtual reality and advanced computer graphics, artificial life and evolutionary computation, simulation of physical systems, and more. Whereas virtual reality has largely concerned itself with the design of 3D immersive graphical spaces, and artificial life with the simulation of living organisms, the field of virtual worlds, is concerned with the synthesis of digital universes considered as wholes, with their own "physical" and "biological" laws.

Human-computer interaction --- Virtual reality --- Artificial intelligence --- Computer Science --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Computer science. --- Multimedia information systems. --- User interfaces (Computer systems). --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer graphics. --- Computer Science. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Computer Graphics. --- Multimedia Information Systems. --- User Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction. --- Multimedia systems. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Informatics --- Science --- Computer-based multimedia information systems --- Multimedia computing --- Multimedia information systems --- Multimedia knowledge systems --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Automatic drafting --- Graphic data processing --- Graphics, Computer --- Computer art --- Graphic arts --- Electronic data processing --- Engineering graphics --- Image processing --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Digital techniques --- Interfaces, User (Computer systems) --- Human-machine systems

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Des particules élémentaires aux galaxies, des molécules organiques aux sociétés humaines, il semble exister un principe universel qui force la matière à gravir les échelons de la complexité. Partant d'expérimentations simples sur des automates cellulaires, l'ouvrage situe les systèmes complexes à la frontière de l'ordre et du chaos. En effet, c'est seulement au niveau de cette transition de phase que l'information échappe à la fixité de l'ordre et à l'attraction étrange du chaos. Hasard et nécessité coopèrent alors, pour évoluer vers des niveaux supérieurs d'organisation. Parallèlement, l'ouvrage propose une théorie de l'évolution étendue à l'ensemble de l'univers physique. Il renouvelle, en le généralisant, le principe darwinien de variation et de sélection naturelle. Il projette ainsi un éclairage nouveau sur le développement récent des sciences de la complexité.

Evolution. --- Chaotic behavior in systems. --- Biological systems. --- Biodiversity. --- Complexity (Philosophy) --- Self-organizing systems. --- Cellular automata. --- Life (Biology) --- Matter --- Évolution (philosophie) --- Systémique. --- Chaos (théorie des systèmes) --- Évolution (biologie) --- Biodiversité. --- Automates cellulaires. --- Systèmes biologiques. --- Complexité (philosophie) --- Systèmes auto-organisés. --- Vie (biologie) --- Matière --- Mathematical models. --- Constitution. --- Modèles mathématiques. --- Structure.