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Agriculture including food products is of particular interest for Ukraine. However, in free trade agreements involving the European Union, agriculture is always given special treatment and subject to less and slower liberalization than other sectors. This paper employs the standard Global Trade Analysis Project model in order to assess how World Trade Organization accession affects agriculture in Ukraine, and how potential bilateral tariff cuts may interact with potential productivity gains within Ukrainian agriculture. The results indicate that, due to trade liberalization, Ukraine can expect gains from a more efficient allocation of its resources in line with comparative advantage, leading to an increase of production and exports of wheat, other grains, and oilseeds, but also of several processed food products that benefit from less expensive intermediate inputs. However, Ukraine's exports are concentrated on a small number of destinations, especially Russia and some other Former Soviet Union countries because they fail to meet quality standards elsewhere. When Ukrainian production of these products increases due to increased allocative efficiency, exports to Russia increase further and prices there fall, generating negative terms of trade effects that largely offset the allocative gains. Ukrainian imports of agricultural products increase as well, partly because Ukrainian consumers switch to higher quality imported goods even though domestic production increases. Regarding free trade agreement negotiations with the European Union, these results highlight for Ukraine the fact that improved agricultural productivity will help to get most out of improved market access. However, the results also highlight for Ukraine the great importance of adopting internationally accepted quality standards in order to diversify its export structure.
Agricultural products --- Bilateral tariff --- Bilateral tariff cuts --- Comparative advantage --- Domestic production --- Economic integration --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Export structure --- Exports --- Free Trade --- Free trade agreements --- Global Trade --- Global Trade Analysis --- Intermediate inputs --- International Economics and Trade --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market access --- Negative terms of trade effects --- Private Sector Development --- Terms of trade --- Trade Agreement --- Trade Law --- Trade liberalization --- Trade Policy --- World Trade --- World Trade Organization
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Agriculture including food products is of particular interest for Ukraine. However, in free trade agreements involving the European Union, agriculture is always given special treatment and subject to less and slower liberalization than other sectors. This paper employs the standard Global Trade Analysis Project model in order to assess how World Trade Organization accession affects agriculture in Ukraine, and how potential bilateral tariff cuts may interact with potential productivity gains within Ukrainian agriculture. The results indicate that, due to trade liberalization, Ukraine can expect gains from a more efficient allocation of its resources in line with comparative advantage, leading to an increase of production and exports of wheat, other grains, and oilseeds, but also of several processed food products that benefit from less expensive intermediate inputs. However, Ukraine's exports are concentrated on a small number of destinations, especially Russia and some other Former Soviet Union countries because they fail to meet quality standards elsewhere. When Ukrainian production of these products increases due to increased allocative efficiency, exports to Russia increase further and prices there fall, generating negative terms of trade effects that largely offset the allocative gains. Ukrainian imports of agricultural products increase as well, partly because Ukrainian consumers switch to higher quality imported goods even though domestic production increases. Regarding free trade agreement negotiations with the European Union, these results highlight for Ukraine the fact that improved agricultural productivity will help to get most out of improved market access. However, the results also highlight for Ukraine the great importance of adopting internationally accepted quality standards in order to diversify its export structure.
Agricultural products --- Bilateral tariff --- Bilateral tariff cuts --- Comparative advantage --- Domestic production --- Economic integration --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Export structure --- Exports --- Free Trade --- Free trade agreements --- Global Trade --- Global Trade Analysis --- Intermediate inputs --- International Economics and Trade --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market access --- Negative terms of trade effects --- Private Sector Development --- Terms of trade --- Trade Agreement --- Trade Law --- Trade liberalization --- Trade Policy --- World Trade --- World Trade Organization
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Quantitative partielle- oder allgemeine Gleichgewichtsmodelle stellen in der angewandten Ökonomie ein wichtiges Instrument zur Politikfolgenabschätzung dar. Aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht wird an diesen Modellen ihre mangelnde Transparenz sowie ihre Abhängigkeit von empirisch wenig gesicherten Parametern und Annahmen kritisiert. Mittels einer Meta-Analyse werden daher Studien untersucht, welche Politikfolgen der laufenden WTO-Verhandlungen (Doha-Runde) simuliert haben. Als zentrales Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die erhebliche Varianz innerhalb simulierter regionaler Einkommensveränderungen durch vergleichsweise wenige, ermittelbare Variablen zu einem hohen Anteil erklärt werden kann. Die Ergebnisse der Meta-Regression können daher als Orientierungshilfe bei Vergleich und Bewertung existierender sowie zukünftiger Simulationsstudien dienen.
Economic theory & philosophy --- International economics --- Development economics & emerging economies --- Agriculture & related industries --- Agricultural science --- Agrarhandel --- Agrarhandels --- Analyse --- angewandter --- Gleichgewichtsmodell --- Gleichgewichtsmodelle --- Gleichsgew --- Hess --- internationalen --- Meta --- Response Surface --- WTO Doha Runde
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Tomorrow's wars will be fought not just with guns, but with the click of a mouse half a world away that will unleash weaponized software that could wipe out everything from the power grid to a chemical plant. The emergence of “cyber” as a domain changes the previously existing dynamics of the physical domains. Cyber has the ability to have effects in the physical domains, which is a power that was unfathomable just a few years ago. This thesis will look at the constraints surrounding a possible cyber weapons regime—a set of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures, embedded into a dynamic international regulatory framework. After an analysis of similar regimes and the existing legislative framework, it is the aim of this thesis to establish a regulatory framework for a cyber weapons regime to limit the potential damage that can be done by cyber weapons. This thesis will define several important cyber terms, both from legal and technical perspectives, and offer a walkthrough of existing weapons regimes, which will be used as a starting point for framework for a cyber weapons regime. An analysis of the existing legislation regarding cyberspace, and potential stumbling blocks toward a new regime, will be conducted. This thesis will look at the containment of cyber weapons from a legal perspective by analyzing the existing weapons regimes in place. Common denominators and key components of a successful weapons regime will be identified and integrated into a proposal for a cyber weapons regime. Additionally, the underlying paradigm of source material supply-chain control and production facility inspection will be looked at in the light of the unique characteristics of cyber weapons. This analysis will be supported by a closer look at the enabling technologies and concepts behind cyber weapons. The thesis will conclude by proposing the next steps toward successfully establishing an actual cyber weapons regime.
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Quantitative partielle- oder allgemeine Gleichgewichtsmodelle stellen in der angewandten Ökonomie ein wichtiges Instrument zur Politikfolgenabschätzung dar. Aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht wird an diesen Modellen ihre mangelnde Transparenz sowie ihre Abhängigkeit von empirisch wenig gesicherten Parametern und Annahmen kritisiert. Mittels einer Meta-Analyse werden daher Studien untersucht, welche Politikfolgen der laufenden WTO-Verhandlungen (Doha-Runde) simuliert haben. Als zentrales Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die erhebliche Varianz innerhalb simulierter regionaler Einkommensveränderungen durch vergleichsweise wenige, ermittelbare Variablen zu einem hohen Anteil erklärt werden kann. Die Ergebnisse der Meta-Regression können daher als Orientierungshilfe bei Vergleich und Bewertung existierender sowie zukünftiger Simulationsstudien dienen.
Agrarhandel --- Agrarhandels --- Analyse --- angewandter --- Gleichgewichtsmodell --- Gleichgewichtsmodelle --- Gleichsgew --- Hess --- internationalen --- Meta --- Response Surface --- WTO Doha Runde
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