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Livestock systems globally are changing rapidly in response to human population growth, urbanization, and growing incomes. This paper discusses the linkages between burgeoning demand for livestock products, growth in livestock production, and the impacts this may have on natural resources, and how these may both affect and be affected by climate change in the coming decades. Water and land scarcity will increasingly have the potential to constrain food production growth, with adverse impacts on food security and human well-being. Climate change will exacerbate many of these trends, with direct effects on agricultural yields, water availability, and production risk. In the transition to a carbon-constrained economy, livestock systems will have a key role to play in mitigating future emissions. At the same time, appropriate pricing of greenhouse gas emissions will modify livestock production costs and patterns. Health and ethical considerations can also be expected to play an increasing role in modifying consumption patterns of livestock products, particularly in more developed countries. Livestock systems are heterogeneous, and a highly differentiated approach needs to be taken to assessing impacts and options, particularly as they affect the resource-poor and those vulnerable to global change. Development of comprehensive frameworks that can be used for assessing impacts and analyzing trade-offs at both local and regional levels is needed for identifying and targeting production practices and policies that are locally appropriate and can contribute to environmental sustainability, poverty alleviation, and economic development.

Agricultural Knowledge & Information Systems --- Agriculture --- Biodiversity --- Cattle --- Environment --- Food --- Food security --- Goats --- Grazing --- Livestock --- Livestock & Animal Husbandry --- Livestock production --- Livestock production costs --- Livestock products --- Livestock research --- Livestock systems --- Meat --- Meat consumption --- Milk --- Pigs --- Poultry --- Poverty alleviation --- Rangeland --- Rural Development --- Rural Development Knowledge & Information Systems --- Sheep --- Water Resources --- Wetlands --- Wildlife Resources

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Optimality theory (Linguistics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Computational linguistics. --- Indians of Mexico --- Teoría de la optimidad (Lingüística) --- Gramática comparada y general --- Fonología --- Adquisición del lenguaje --- Español --- Indios de México --- Lingüística computacional --- Syntax --- Research. --- Languages. --- Sintasis --- Investigación. --- Aspectos sociales --- Lenguas --- Automatic language processing --- Language and languages --- Language data processing --- Linguistics --- Natural language processing (Linguistics) --- Applied linguistics --- Cross-language information retrieval --- Mathematical linguistics --- Multilingual computing --- Comparative grammar --- Grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Philosophical grammar --- Philology --- Optimality (Linguistics) --- Optimization (Linguistics) --- Generative grammar --- Data processing --- Grammar, Comparative

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This open access book is the result of an expert panel convened by the Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability and Nature Sustainability. The panel tackled the seventeen UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030 head-on, with respect to the global systems that produce and distribute food. The panel’s rigorous synthesis and analysis of existing research leads compellingly to multiple actionable recommendations that, if adopted, would simultaneously lead to healthy and nutritious diets, equitable and inclusive value chains, resilience to shocks and stressors, and climate and environmental sustainability.

Socio-technical innovation --- Agri-food systems --- Land and water footprint of food --- Climate crisis --- Human agency --- Heterogeneity --- Spillover effects --- Natural environment --- Public health --- Social justice --- Agricultural science --- Environmental economics --- Sustainability

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This paper conducts an integrated assessment of climate change impacts and climate mitigation on agricultural commodity markets and food availability in low- and middle-income countries. The analysis uses the partial equilibrium model GLOBIOM to generate scenarios to 2080. The findings show that climate change effects on the agricultural sector will increase progressively over the century. By 2030, the impact of climate change on food consumption is moderate but already twice as large in a world with high inequalities than in a more equal world. In the long run, impacts could be much stronger, with global average calorie losses of 6 percent by 2050 and 14 percent by 2080. A mitigation policy to stabilize climate below 2?C uniformly applied to all regions as a carbon tax would also result in a 6 percent reduction in food availability by 2050 and 12 percent reduction by 2080 compared to the reference scenario. To avoid more severe impacts of climate change mitigation on development than climate change itself, revenue from carbon pricing policies will need to be redistributed appropriately. Overall, the projected effects of climate change and mitigation on agricultural markets raise important issues for food security in the long run, but remain more limited in the medium term horizon of 2030. Thus, there are opportunities for low- and middle-income countries to pursue immediate development needs and thus prepare for later periods when adaptation needs and mitigation efforts will become the greatest.

Bioenergy --- Climate change --- Climate change economics --- Climate change mitigation and green house gases --- Energy --- Energy and environment --- Environment --- Food security --- Land use change --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- Poverty --- Science and technology development --- Science of climate change