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carbon dioxide --- carbon dioxide --- Measurement --- Measurement --- ecosystems --- ecosystems --- forests --- forests --- Relation plante atmosphere --- Relation plante atmosphere

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Alors que les composés organiques volatils oxygénés (COVO) font l'objet depuis près d'une quinzaine d'années d'un intérêt grandissant en raison de leur rôle dans la chimie atmosphérique, les connaissances actuelles sur les échanges de COVO par les prairies et les facteurs environnementaux les contrôlant comportent encore des lacunes. Or, ces écosystèmes représentent une part importante de la surface terrestre totale (13.37%). Cette étude menée sur une prairie pâturée en Belgique vise à comprendre les mécanismes à l'origine des échanges de COVO à l'aide de la méthode de la covariance de turbulence couplée à un PTR-MS, en accordant une importante attention aux flux induits par les stress. Cette étude a ainsi mis en évidence que plusieurs COVO étaient échangés en quantités variables, dont le plus important était le méthanol. Les observations ont montré que le flux de méthanol était largement influencé par la chaleur latente et le rayonnement photosynthétiquement actif. Nous pensons que leur influence vient du contrôle qu'ils exerceraient sur la conductance stomatique en conditions non stationnaires et d'un effet sur la transpiration et la croissance végétale en conditions stationnaires. Les calculs de la conductance stomatique et les mesures de croissance n'ont toutefois pas montré de résultats significatifs mais ils peuvent être discutés. Ce travail a également montré que la température, très souvent décrite comme une variable directrice principale du flux de méthanol n'en était pas une sur ce site. Finalement, l'étude des stress a démontré que le pâturage contribuait à une augmentation significative des émissions de méthanol. L'effet des contraintes abiotiques n'a pas été démontré.

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Methanol. --- Methanol --- Acetone. --- Acetaldehyde. --- forests --- forests --- Gas exchange --- Gas exchange --- Air flow --- pollutant emission --- pollutant emission --- Belgium --- Belgium

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carbon dioxide --- carbon dioxide --- Atmosphere. --- Atmosphere --- forests --- forests --- ecosystems --- ecosystems --- Fluid flow --- Fluid flow --- Air flow --- Advection --- Measurement --- Measurement --- methods --- methods --- Measuring instruments --- Measuring instruments

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Much debate has arisen as to the contribution of natural and anthropized ecosystems to the global production of greenhouse gases (GHG), ways to limit this contribution or how to use ecosystems as carbon sinks. To provide solid ground for this debate, reliable data is required. Eddy-covariance (EC) is commonly used to measure gaseous exchanges from homogeneous ecosystems (crops, forests...). However, in its standard form, it may be biased when working with heterogeneous ecosystems, especially grazed pastures where cattle is an important, but also moving and intermittent GHG source. In this thesis, using data from the Dorinne ecosystem station, a Belgian pasture grazed by Belgian Blue beef, we disentangled cattle methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) exchanges from soil-plant exchanges. This work allowed us estimate cattle CH4 and CO2 emissions and compute an un-biased pasture GHG budget. Our work therefore opens the door to a wider use of EC on grazed pastures and thus the monitoring of this important ecosystem.In practice, EC measures gaseous exchanges from an area upwind from the measurement mast. Each area contribution to the measured flux can be computed using a mathematical model (footprint model). We combined this footprint model with cattle positions on the pasture, obtained using GPS-collars, and EC in order to estimate cattle CH4 emissions. The proposed method was validated through an artificial tracer experiment where source recovery rates were between 90 and 113% and no bias was associated with atmospheric conditions or the distance between the source and the measurement mast. Applying this validated method on grazing Belgian Blue cows led to estimated CH4 emissions of 220 ± 35 gCH4 head−1 day−1. Cow's behavior was also monitored and presented a clear daily pattern of activity with more intense grazing just after sunrise and right before sunset. However, no significant CH4 emission pattern could be associated with it, indicating that the diurnal emission variation might be lower than the measurement uncertainty range.We extended our method to cattle CO2 emissions. To avoid the need for cattle geolocation, we used CH4 fluxes as an indicator of cattle presence in the footprint. This allowed us by-passing labor intensive handling of cattle, thus making our method easier to use on a large number of test sites. Using this method, estimated cow CO2 emissions were of 3.2 ± 0.5 kgC head−1 day−1. Moreover, we computed a pasture GHG emission (CO2, CH4 and N2O) of 629 ± 296 gCO2eq m−2 yr-1. This figure should be handled with some precautions as it is site specific, dependent on budget boundaries and subject to annual variations.