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drawing techniques --- drawing [image-making] --- Chinese [culture or style] --- tekenkunst --- Chinees --- China

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This report focuses on data comparability of scale scores in the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS). Valid cross-cultural comparisons of TALIS data are vital in providing input for evidence-based policy making and in promoting the equity and effectiveness of teacher policies. For this purpose, an investigation of data comparability is a prerequisite for any meaningful cross-cultural comparison. TALIS involves a large number of countries and economies, and has used rather strict conventional statistical methods to test comparability. Thus, many scales in TALIS do not reach the level of comparability that allows direct comparisons of scale scores. To facilitate the effective data analysis of TALIS and maximise its policy implications, this project: (1) uses a more flexible statistical method to test comparability, and (2) investigates the level and sources of scale data incomparability. With teacher and principal self-report data from the two rounds of TALIS (2008 and 2013), three studies are carried out to address these issues. Study 1 compares the conventional statistical method with more flexible Bayesian approximate invariance testing in scale data comparability testing. Study 2 investigates whether scale characteristics (e.g. scale length, item length, number of response options, and self-evaluative components) are associated with data comparability in principal and teacher scales. Finally, Study 3 examines the specific cultural variations that contribute to the lack of comparability. It tests the comparability of the Satisfaction with Current Work Environment scale (a key outcome construct in TALIS) between each participating country or economy with a pooled international average reference group. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for large-scale survey design and data analyses such as using more flexible psychometric method to test comparability and using fewer response options in items forming scales.

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This book focuses on interactive segmentation techniques, which have been extensively studied in recent decades. Interactive segmentation emphasizes clear extraction of objects of interest, whose locations are roughly indicated by human interactions based on high level perception. This book will first introduce classic graph-cut segmentation algorithms and then discuss state-of-the-art techniques, including graph matching methods, region merging and label propagation, clustering methods, and segmentation methods based on edge detection. A comparative analysis of these methods will be provided with quantitative and qualitative performance evaluation, which will be illustrated using natural and synthetic images. Also, extensive statistical performance comparisons will be made. Pros and cons of these interactive segmentation methods will be pointed out, and their applications will be discussed. There have been only a few surveys on interactive segmentation techniques, and those surveys do not cover recent state-of-the art techniques. By providing comprehensive up-to-date survey on the fast developing topic and the performance evaluation, this book can help readers learn interactive segmentation techniques quickly and thoroughly.

Computer vision. --- Image processing --- Digital techniques. --- Digital image processing --- Machine vision --- Vision, Computer --- Engineering. --- User interfaces (Computer systems). --- Image processing. --- Signal, Image and Speech Processing. --- Image Processing and Computer Vision. --- User Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction. --- Digital electronics --- Artificial intelligence --- Pattern recognition systems --- Computer science. --- Informatics --- Science --- Signal processing. --- Speech processing systems. --- Optical data processing. --- Interfaces, User (Computer systems) --- Human-machine systems --- Human-computer interaction --- Optical computing --- Visual data processing --- Bionics --- Electronic data processing --- Integrated optics --- Photonics --- Computers --- Computational linguistics --- Electronic systems --- Information theory --- Modulation theory --- Oral communication --- Speech --- Telecommunication --- Singing voice synthesizers --- Pictorial data processing --- Picture processing --- Processing, Image --- Imaging systems --- Optical data processing --- Processing, Signal --- Information measurement --- Signal theory (Telecommunication) --- Optical equipment --- Image analysis.

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This paper investigated the effects of response styles in cross-cultural contexts. The authors used data on social desirability, extreme and midpoint responding, and the scale scores of 17 constructs related to the teaching profession, which were collected from 76,887 teachers in 18 countries in the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS). Main findings are: (1) a 10-item social desirability scale demonstrated partial invariance of a positive and a negative impression management factor; (2) a general response style, representing a continuum ranging from response amplification to moderation, was extracted with social desirability and extreme responding as positive indicators and midpoint responding as a negative indicator; (3) social desirability and the general response style at the country level were negatively correlated with country affluence and educational achievement; (4) social desirability and the general response style were more strongly correlated with constructs of teacher efficacy and job satisfaction than other constructs at both the individual and country level; and (5) correction of response styles had negligible effects on cross-cultural differences in these constructs.

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